Á¦ 121 Æí |
PAPER 121 |
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¹Ì°¡¿¤ÀÌ Áõ¿©µÈ ½Ã±â |
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121:0.1 |
À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ ÁßµµÀÚµéÀÇ ¿¬ÇÕ ÇüÁ¦´ÜÀÇ 12ÀÎ À§¿øÈ¸ÀÇ °¨µ¶À» ¹ÞÀ¸¸é¼, °øµ¿À¸·Î ¿ì¸® °èÃþÀÇ ¼ö¼® ¿ìµÎ¸Ó¸®¿Í ±â·ÏÀ» ´ã´çÇÏ´Â ¸á±â¼¼µ¦ÀÇ ÈÄ¿ø ÇÏ¿¡¼, ³ª´Â ÇÑ ¶§ »çµµ ¾Èµå·¹¿¡°Ô ¼Ò¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´ø 2Â÷ ÁßµµÀÚÀ̸ç, Áö±¸ âÁ¶Ã¼µéÀÇ ³ªÀÇ °èÃþ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ °üÂûµÇ¾ú´ø¹Ù ´ë·Î ±×¸®°í ³ªÀÇ ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ Áöµµ ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø Àΰ£ ÁÖü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ³ªÁß¿¡ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ±â·ÏµÇ¾ú´ø ¹Ù´ë·Î, ³ª»ç·¿ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÀÏ»ý µ¿¾È¿¡ ÀϾ´ø ÀϵéÀ» ±â·ÏÇÒ ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ¸Ã¾Ò´Ù. ¾Èµå·¹´Â ÁÖ(ñ«)²²¼ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ±â·Ïµµ ÀüÇô ³²±âÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á ÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±â·ÏÇÑ °ÍÀ» º¹»çÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀ» ¿Ï°ÇÏ°Ô °ÅºÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¹¼öÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ »çµµµé Æí¿¡¼µµ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñ½ÁÇÑ Åµµ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ º¹À½¼µéÀÇ ÀÛ¼ºÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ Áö¿¬µÇ¾ú¾ú´Ù. |
ACTING under the supervision of a commission of twelve members of the United Brotherhood of Urantia Midwayers, conjointly sponsored by the presiding head of our order and the Melchizedek of record, I am the secondary midwayer of onetime attachment to the Apostle Andrew, and I am authorized to place on record the narrative of the life transactions of Jesus of Nazareth as they were observed by my order of earth creatures, and as they were subsequently partially recorded by the human subject of my temporal guardianship. Knowing how his Master so scrupulously avoided leaving written records behind him, Andrew steadfastly refused to multiply copies of his written narrative. A similar attitude on the part of the other apostles of Jesus greatly delayed the writing of the Gospels. |
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121:1.1 |
¿¹¼ö´Â ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀÌ ¿µÀûÀ¸·Î Ÿ¶ôÇÑ ½Ã±â¿¡ ¿Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç; ±×°¡ žÀ» ¶§, À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ´Â ¾Æ´ã°è¿-ÀÌÈĺÎÅÍ ±×¶§±îÁöÀÇ ¿ª»ç ¼Ó¿¡¼³ª ±× ÀÌÈÄ ½Ã´ë¿¡¼µµ ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¿µÀû »ç°í(ÞÖÍÅ)¿Í Á¾±³Àû »îÀÇ ºÎÈïÀ» üÇèÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ì°¡¿¤ÀÌ À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ À°½ÅÈ ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§, ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀº âÁ¶ÁÖ ¾ÆµéÀÇ Áõ¿©¿¡ Àü¹«ÈĹ«ÇÑ °¡Àå ÁÁÀº Á¶°ÇÀ» °®Ãß°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â Á÷ÀüÀÇ ¸î ¼¼±âµé µ¿¾È¿¡´Â, ±×¸®½º ¹®È¿Í ±×¸®½º¾î°¡ ¼¾ç°ú ±Ùµ¿Áö¿ª¿¡±îÁö ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¼¾ç°ú µ¿¾çÀÇ º»¼ºÀ» ¸ðµÎ Áö´Ñ ·¹¹ÝÆ®Á·ÀÎ À¯´ëÀεéÀº ÇϳªÀÇ »õ·Î¿î Á¾±³¸¦ µ¿¹æ°ú ¼¹æ ¸ðµÎ¿¡ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ÀüÆÄÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹®ÈÀû ±×¸®°í ¾ð¾îÀû Á¶°ÇµéÀ» Ȱ¿ëÇϱ⿡ °¡Àå ¿ì¼öÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀ» °®Ãß°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÃÖÀûÀÇ È¯°æµéÀº ÁöÁßÇØ Áö¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ·Î¸¶ÀÇ °ü´ëÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû ÅëÄ¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ´õ¿í È£ÀüµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
Jesus did not come to this world during an age of spiritual decadence; at the time of his birth Urantia was experiencing such a revival of spiritual thinking and religious living as it had not known in all its previous post-Adamic history nor has experienced in any era since. When Michael incarnated on Urantia, the world presented the most favorable condition for the Creator Son's bestowal that had ever previously prevailed or has since obtained. In the centuries just prior to these times Greek culture and the Greek language had spread over Occident and near Orient, and the Jews, being a Levantine race, in nature part Occidental and part Oriental, were eminently fitted to utilize such cultural and linguistic settings for the effective spread of a new religion to both East and West. These most favorable circumstances were further enhanced by the tolerant political rule of the Mediterranean world by the Romans. |
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121:1.2 |
¼¼°èÀûÀÎ ¿©°ÇµéÀÌ ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î ÈÇյǾú´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ È°µ¿µéÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ Àß ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ù¿ï ÀÚ½ÅÀº ·Î¸¶ ½Ã¹ÎÀ̾ú´ø ¹Ý¸é¿¡, Á¾±³ÀûÀ¸·Î´Â È÷ºê¸®ÀÎ ÁßÀÇ È÷ºê¸®ÀÎÀ̾ú°í, À¯´ëÀÎÀÇ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹À½À» ±×¸®½º ¾ð¾î·Î ÀüÆÄÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
This entire combination of world influences is well illustrated by the activities of Paul, who, being in religious culture a Hebrew of the Hebrews, proclaimed the gospel of a Jewish Messiah in the Greek tongue, while he himself was a Roman citizen. |
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121:1.3 |
¼¾ç¿¡¼, ±× ÀÌÀüÀ̳ª ±× ÀÌÈÄ ¾î´À ¶§¿¡µµ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿Í °°Àº ¹®¸í±â´Â ¾ø¾ú´Ù. À¯·´ÀÇ ¹®¸íÀº ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¼¼ °¡Áö ¿µÇâµé ¾Æ·¡¿¡¼ ÅëÇÕµÇ°í ¼·Î ÇÕµ¿À» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù: |
Nothing like the civilization of the times of Jesus has been seen in the Occident before or since those days. European civilization was unified and co-ordinated under an extraordinary threefold influence: |
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121:1.4 |
¿¹¼ö°¡ žÀ» ¶§, ÁöÁßÇØ ¿¬¾ÈÀÇ ¸ðµç Áö¿ªÀº Çϳª·Î ÅëÇÕµÈ Á¦±¹À» ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼¼°è ¿ª»ç»ó óÀ½À¸·Î, ¸¹Àº ÁÖ¿ä Áß½ÉÁöµéÀ» ¿¬°áÇØ ÁÖ´Â ¾çÈ£ÇÑ »óÅÂÀÇ µµ·ÎµéÀÌ °Ç¼³µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ù´Ù¿¡¼´Â ÇØÀûµéÀÌ ¼ÒÅÁµÇ¾î, ¹«¿ª°ú ¿©ÇàÀÌ Å©°Ô Ȱ¹ßÇØÁö´Â ½Ã´ë°¡ ºü¸£°Ô ÁøÃ´µÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À¯·´Àº ±×¸®½ºµµ ÀÌÈķκÎÅÍ 19¼¼±â¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿©Çà°ú ¹«¿ªÀÇ Àü¼º½Ã´ë¸¦ ´Ù½Ã ¸Àº¸Áö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
When Jesus was born, the entire Mediterranean world was a unified empire. Good roads, for the first time in the world's history, interconnected many major centers. The seas were cleared of pirates, and a great era of trade and travel was rapidly advancing. Europe did not again enjoy another such period of travel and trade until the nineteenth century after Christ. |
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121:1.5 |
±×¸®½º-·Î¸¶ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ³»ºÎÀûÀÎ ÆòÈ¿Í ¿Ü°ß»óÀÇ ¹ø¿µ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, Á¦±¹ÀÇ ´ë´Ù¼ö ÁֹεéÀº ¿¾ÇÇÑ È¯°æ°ú ºó°ï ¼Ó¿¡¼ °í´ÞÇ »ýȰÀ» Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼Ò¼öÀÇ »óÀ§ µî±ÞµéÀº ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ¿´À¸³ª; ºñÂüÇÏ°í °¡³¿¡ Âɵ鸮´Â ÇÏÀ§ µî±ÞµéÀÌ Àΰ£¼º¿¡¼ÀÇ ÀϹݼ¹ÎÀ» ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â ÇູÇϰí dz¿ä·Î¿î Áß»êÃþÀÌ ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç; ·Î¸¶ »çȸ ³»¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀÌ ¸· ³ªÅ¸³ª±â ½ÃÀÛÇß¾ú´Ù. |
Notwithstanding the internal peace and superficial prosperity of the Greco-Roman world, a majority of the inhabitants of the empire languished in squalor and poverty. The small upper class was rich; a miserable and impoverished lower class embraced the rank and file of humanity. There was no happy and prosperous middle class in those days; it had just begun to make its appearance in Roman society. |
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121:1.6 |
È®´ëµÇ´Â ·Î¸¶Á¦±¹°ú ÆÄ¸£Æ¼¾Æ ±¹°¡µé °£ÀÇ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° ÀüÀïÀº ÀÌ ½Ã±â Á÷Àü¿¡ Á¾°áµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ½Ã¸®¾Æ°¡ ·Î¸¶ÀÇ Áö¹è¸¦ ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ Ȱµ¿ÇÏ´ø ½Ã´ë¿¡, ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àΰú ½Ã¸®¾Æ´Â ¹ø¼º±â¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í ºñ±³Àû Æòȸ¦ ´©¸®°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¼¹æ°ú µ¿¹æ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Áö¿ªµé°ú ¸¹Àº »ó¾÷Àû ±³¿ªÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
The first struggles between the expanding Roman and Parthian states had been concluded in the then recent past, leaving Syria in the hands of the Romans. In the times of Jesus, Palestine and Syria were enjoying a period of prosperity, relative peace, and extensive commercial intercourse with the lands to both the East and the West. |
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121:2.1 |
À¯´ëÀεéÀº °í´ëÀÇ ¼ÀÁ·ÀÇ ÀÏ¿øÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ùºô·Î´Ï¾ÆÀÎ, Æä´ÏŰ¾ÆÀÎ, ±×¸®°í ±× ´ç½Ã±îÁö ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ÀûÀ̾ú´ø Ä«¸£Å¸°íÀÎ µéµµ ¼ÀÁ·¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±â¿ø ÈÄ 1¼¼±â Àü¹Ý µ¿¾ÈÀº À¯´ëÀεéÀÌ ¼ÀÁ· Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â Áý´ÜÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ±× ´ç½ÃÀÇ ¹«¿ªÈ°µ¿À» Áö¹èÇϰí Á¶Á÷ÈÇϴµ¥ ÀÖ¾î¼ Àü·«ÀûÀ¸·Î °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ Áö¿ªÀ» ¿ì¿¬È÷ Á¡À¯Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
The Jews were a part of the older Semitic race, which also included the Babylonians, the Phoenicians, and the more recent enemies of Rome, the Carthaginians. During the fore part of the first century after Christ, the Jews were the most influential group of the Semitic peoples, and they happened to occupy a peculiarly strategic geographic position in the world as it was at that time ruled and organized for trade. |
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121:2.2 |
¿¾ ±¹°¡µéÀ» ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº Å« °£¼±µµ·ÎµéÀÌ ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎ Áö¿ªÀ» Åë°úÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀº ¼¼ °³ÀÇ ´ë·úÀÌ ¼·Î ¸¸³ª°í ±³Â÷µÇ´Â Àå¼Ò°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ùºô·Î´Ï¾Æ, ¾Æ½Ã¸®¾Æ, ÀÌÁýÆ®, ½Ã¸®¾Æ, ±×¸®½º, ÆÄ¸£Æ¼¾Æ, ±×¸®°í ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ¿©Çà°´À̳ª ´ë»ó(ÓéßÂ)µé ±×¸®°í Áý´ÜµéÀÌ °è¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎÀ» ÈÛ¾µ°í Áö³ª°¬´Ù. ¾ÆµæÈ÷ ¸Õ ¿¾³¯ºÎÅÍ, µ¿¹æ¿¡¼ ¿À´Â ¸¹Àº ´ë»óµéÀÌ ÀÌ Áö¿ªµé Áß ¾î¶² °÷À» °ÅÃÄ ÁöÁßÇØ µ¿ÂÊ ³¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì¾àÇÑ Ç×±¸·Î ÅëÇàÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×°÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼±¹ÚµéÀÌ ÇØ·Î¸¦ ÅëÇØ ȹ°À» ¼¾çÀÇ Àüü ¿¬ÇØ Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î ¿Å°Ü°¬´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´ë»óµéÀÇ Çà·Ä Áß ¹Ý ÀÌ»óÀÌ °¥¸±¸® ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³ª»ç·¿ÀÇ ÀÛÀº ¼ºÀ¾À» Åë°úÇϰųª ±× ±Ùó¸¦ °æÀ¯ÇØ Áö³ª°¬´Ù. |
Many of the great highways joining the nations of antiquity passed through Palestine, which thus became the meeting place, or crossroads, of three continents. The travel, trade, and armies of Babylonia, Assyria, Egypt, Syria, Greece, Parthia, and Rome successively swept over Palestine. From time immemorial, many caravan routes from the Orient passed through some part of this region to the few good seaports of the eastern end of the Mediterranean, whence ships carried their cargoes to all the maritime Occident. And more than half of this caravan traffic passed through or near the little town of Nazareth in Galilee. |
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121:2.3 |
ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎÀÌ À¯´ë±³ ¹®ÈÀÇ º»ÇâÀÌÀÚ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ Åº»ýÁöÀ̱â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, À¯´ëÀεéÀº Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ Èð¾îÁ® ¿©·¯ ³ª¶ó¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ·Î¸¶¿Í ÆÄ¸£Æ¼¾Æ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ Àüü Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ¹«¿ªÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
Although Palestine was the home of Jewish religious culture and the birthplace of Christianity, the Jews were abroad in the world, dwelling in many nations and trading in every province of the Roman and Parthian states. |
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121:2.4 |
±×¸®½º´Â ¾ð¾î¿Í ¹®È¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ¿´°í, ·Î¸¶´Â µµ·Î¿Í ÅëÀÏµÈ Á¦±¹À» °Ç¼³ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, Èð¾îÁø À¯´ëÀεéÀº ·Î¸¶ ¼¼°è Àü Áö¿ª ¿©±âÀú±â¿¡ Èð¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â 200°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ È¸´ç°ú Àß Á¶Á÷µÈ Á¾±³Àû °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ °®Ãß°í, ¹®ÈÀû Áß½ÉÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ ¿Õ±¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î º¹À½Àº À̰÷¿¡¼ óÀ½À¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Á®¼ ±× ±âÃʸ¦ ´ÙÁ³°í, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â À̰÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ º¯µÎ¸® Áö¿ª±îÁö ÆÛÁ®³ª°¬´Ù. |
Greece provided a language and a culture, Rome built the roads and unified an empire, but the dispersion of the Jews, with their more than two hundred synagogues and well-organized religious communities scattered hither and yon throughout the Roman world, provided the cultural centers in which the new gospel of the kingdom of heaven found initial reception, and from which it subsequently spread to the uttermost parts of the world. |
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121:2.5 |
°¢°¢ÀÇ À¯´ëÀΠȸ´çÀº À̹æÀÎ ½ÅÀÚµéÀÇ ºÐÆÄÁý´Ü, ¡°Çå½ÅÀû¡±À̰ųª ¾Æ´Ï¸é ¡°ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ»-µÎ·Á¿öÇϴ¡± ÀÚµéÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´À¸¸ç, ¹Ù¿ïÀÌ Ãʱ⿡ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³·Î °³Á¾½ÃŲ ÀÏ´ÜÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÐÆÄÁý´ÜÀÇ ÀÌ °³Á¾ÀÚµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ¿¹·ç»ì·½ ¼ºÀü¿¡µµ È·ÁÇÏ°Ô Àå½ÄµÈ À̹æÀεéÀÇ ¶ãÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹·ç»ì·½°ú ¾Èµð¿ÁÀÇ ¹®È¿Í »ó¾÷ ±×¸®°í °æ¹è »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ¸Å¿ì ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü°è°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾Èµð¿Á¿¡¼ ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµéÀº óÀ½À¸·Î ¡°±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀΡ±À̶ó´Â Īȣ¸¦ ¾ò¾ú´Ù. |
Each Jewish synagogue tolerated a fringe of gentile believers, "devout" or "God-fearing" men, and it was among this fringe of proselytes that Paul made the bulk of his early converts to Christianity. Even the temple at Jerusalem possessed its ornate court of the gentiles. There was very close connection between the culture, commerce, and worship of Jerusalem and Antioch. In Antioch Paul's disciples were first called "Christians." |
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121:2.6 |
¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼ÀÇ À¯´ëÀÎ ¼ºÀü °æ¹è ÁýÁßÀº, ±×µéÀÇ À¯ÀϽŠ»ç»óÀÌ Á¸¼ÓµÇµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ºñ°áÀÌÀÚ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±×µéÀ» ¾çÀ°ÇÏ¿© ¸ðµç ³ª¶óµéÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ°í ¸ðµç ÇÊ»çÀÚµéÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¶ó´Â »õ·Ó°íµµ È®´ëµÈ °³³äÀÇ ¼¼°è·Î ±×µéÀ» º¸³» Áֽø®¶ó´Â ¾à¼ÓÀÇ ºñ°áÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼ÀÇ ¼ºÀü °æ¹è´Â, À̹æÀÇ ±¹°¡ ±ºÁÖµé°ú ÀÎÁ¾Àû ¹ÚÇØÀÚµéÀÇ °è¼ÓµÇ´Â ¸ô¶ô¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³ ¹®ÈÀû °³³äÀº »ì¾Æ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾úÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. |
The centralization of the Jewish temple worship at Jerusalem constituted alike the secret of the survival of their monotheism and the promise of the nurture and sending forth to the world of a new and enlarged concept of that one God of all nations and Father of all mortals. The temple service at Jerusalem represented the survival of a religious cultural concept in the face of the downfall of a succession of gentile national overlords and racial persecutors. |
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121:2.7 |
ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ À¯´ë ¹ÎÁ·Àº, ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ¿¡ ÀÖ¾úÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, À¯´Ù ¸¶Ä«ºñ¿Í ±× Á÷¼Ó ÈİèÀÚµéÀÌ ´ç´ë¿¡ ȹµæÇÑ ÇØ¹æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿µ¿õÀûÀÎ °øÀûÀ» ±â¸®¸é¼, »ó´çÇÑ Á¤µµÀÇ ÀÚÄ¡±ÇÀ» ÇâÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ´õ¿í À§´ëÇÑ ÇØ¹æÀÚ, ¿À·§µ¿¾È ´ë¸ÁÇØ ¿À´ø ¸Þ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ µµ·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â´ë·Î ÈïºÐÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
The Jewish people of this time, although under Roman suzerainty, enjoyed a considerable degree of self-government and, remembering the then only recent heroic exploits of deliverance executed by Judas Maccabee and his immediate successors, were vibrant with the expectation of the immediate appearance of a still greater deliverer, the long-expected Messiah. |
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121:2.8 |
À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÎ ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎÀÌ ¹Ý(Úâ)µ¶¸³±¹°¡·Î¼ »ýÁ¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø ºñ°áÀº, ½Ã¸®¾Æ¿Í ÀÌÁýÆ®¸¦ ÀÕ´Â ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àδë·Î »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¼¾ç°ú µ¿¾çÀ» ÀÕ´Â ¹«¿ª Åë·ÎµéÀÇ ¼ÂÊ ±âÂøÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅëÁ¦±ÇÀ» Àå¾ÇÇÏ·Á´Â ·Î¸¶ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¿Ü±³ Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ ÀÏȯÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ·Î¸¶´Â ·¹¹ÝÆ® Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ¾î¶² ¼¼·ÂÀÌ Ä¿Á®¼, ÀåÂ÷ ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î È®´ëÇÏ·Á´Â ÀڽŵéÀÇ °èȹÀÌ ¹æÇØ¹Þ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¼¿·ù½Ãµå°¡ °üÇÒÇÏ´Â ½Ã¸®¾Æ¿Í ÇÁÅç·¹¸¶ÀÌ¿À½º°¡ °üÇÒÇÏ´Â ÀÌÁýÆ®°¡ ¼·Î ¹èôÇϰí ÀÖ´Â »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¿ÏÃæ Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î, ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎÀ» ºÐ¸®µÇ°í µ¶¸³µÈ ±¹°¡·Î Ű¿ì·Á´Â Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ Àǵµ°¡ ¼û¾îÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÛ°í Èû¾ø´Â À¯´ëÀÎ Áý´ÜÀÌ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¿©·¯ ¼¼´ë¿¡ °ÉÃļ ºÏÀ¸·Î´Â ¼¿·ù½Ãµå¿¡ ¹èôµÇ°í ³²À¸·Î´Â ÇÁÅç·¹¸¶ÀÌ¿À½º¿¡°Ô ¹èôµÇ¸é¼ µ¶¸³À» À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀº, ÆÄ¸£Æ¼¾Æ°¡ °·ÂÇÑ ¼¼·ÂÀÌ ºÎ»óÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ÀÌÁýÆ®¸¦ ¼èÅð½ÃŰ°í ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ¼¿·ù½Ãµå¸¦ Á¡Â÷ ¾àȽÃŰ·Á Çß´ø ·Î¸¶ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥ ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °·ÂÇÑ ¼¼·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ÁÖº¯ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¿î ÁÁ°Ôµµ ÇØ¹æ°ú µ¶¸³À» ´©·È´ø À¯´ëÀεéÀº, ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¡°¼±ÅÃµÈ ¹é¼º¡±À̹ǷΠ¾ßÈѰ¡ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î °ü¿©ÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×·¸°Ô µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÇØ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÎÁ¾Àû ÀÚ¸¸½ÉÀÇ Åµµ´Â °á±¹¿¡ °¡¼ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¿µÅ並 Á¡·ÉÇØ¹ö¸° ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¸¦ µµÀúÈ÷ °ßµð¾î ³»Áö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌó·³ ºñÂüÇÑ ½Ã±â¿¡ óÇßÀ» ¶§¿¡µµ, À¯´ëÀεéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ Áö»ó »ç¸íÀÌ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̱⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
The secret of the survival of Palestine, the kingdom of the Jews, as a semi-independent state was wrapped up in the foreign policy of the Roman government, which desired to maintain control of the Palestinian highway of travel between Syria and Egypt as well as the western terminals of the caravan routes between the Orient and the Occident. Rome did not wish any power to arise in the Levant which might curb her future expansion in these regions. The policy of intrigue which had for its object the pitting of Seleucid Syria and Ptolemaic Egypt against each other necessitated fostering Palestine as a separate and independent state. Roman policy, the degeneration of Egypt, and the progressive weakening of the Seleucids before the rising power of Parthia, explain why it was that for several generations a small and unpowerful group of Jews was able to maintain its independence against both Seleucidae to the north and Ptolemies to the south. This fortuitous liberty and independence of the political rule of surrounding and more powerful peoples the Jews attributed to the fact that they were the "chosen people," to the direct interposition of Yahweh. Such an attitude of racial superiority made it all the harder for them to endure Roman suzerainty when it finally fell upon their land. But even in that sad hour the Jews refused to learn that their world mission was spiritual, not political. |
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121:2.9 |
¿¹¼ö ´ç½ÃÀÇ À¯´ëÀεéÀº À¯º°³ª°Ô °ÆÁ¤ÀÌ ¸¹°í ÀǽÉÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò´Âµ¥, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿Ü±¹ÀÎÀ̸鼵µ ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡Àڵ鿡°Ô ¾ÆºÎÇÔÀ¸·Î½á À¯´ëÁö¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖ±ÇÀ» °®°Ô µÈ À̵ι̾ÆÀÎ Çì·ÔÀÌ ÀÚ±âµéÀ» Áö¹èÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í Çì·ÔÀº È÷ºê¸®ÀÇ Á¦»ç ÀǽĵéÀ» Á¸ÁßÇÏ°Ú´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇßÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ÀÌ»ó¾ß¸©ÇÑ ¸¹Àº ÇÏ´À´ÔµéÀ» ¼¶±â´Â ½ÅÀüµéÀ» °è¼Ó °ÇÃàÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
The Jews were unusually apprehensive and suspicious during the times of Jesus because they were then ruled by an outsider, Herod the Idumean, who had seized the overlordship of Judea by cleverly ingratiating himself with the Roman rulers. And though Herod professed loyalty to the Hebrew ceremonial observances, he proceeded to build temples for many strange gods. |
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121:2.10 |
Çì·Ô°ú ·Î¸¶ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé °£ÀÇ ¿ìÈ£ÀûÀÎ °ü°è·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© À¯´ëÀεéÀº ¿Â ¼¼°è¸¦ ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô ¿©ÇàÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¸¹Àº À¯´ëÀεéÀÌ ·Î¸¶Á¦±¹ÀÇ ¸Õ Áö¿ªµéÀº ¹°·Ð ´Ù¸¥ ¿©·¯ µ¿¸Í±¹µé¿¡°Ô±îÁö ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ ¿Õ±¹ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î º¹À½À» °¡Áö°í ½º¸çµé¾î°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±æÀÌ ¿·È´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Çì·ÔÀÇ Áö¹è´Â È÷ºê¸®¿Í ±×¸®½ºÀÇ Ã¶ÇеéÀÌ ´õ¿í À¶ÈµÇ´Â µ¥¿¡µµ ¸¹ÀÌ ±â¿©ÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
The friendly relations of Herod with the Roman rulers made the world safe for Jewish travel and thus opened the way for increased Jewish penetration even of distant portions of the Roman Empire and of foreign treaty nations with the new gospel of the kingdom of heaven. Herod's reign also contributed much toward the further blending of Hebrew and Hellenistic philosophies. |
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121:2.11 |
Çì·ÔÀº ÄÉÀÚ¸®¾Æ Ç×±¸¸¦ °Ç¼³ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, À̰ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎÀÌ ³ªÁß¿¡ ¹®¸í¼¼°èÀÇ ±³Â÷Á¡ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ±â¿øÀü 4³â¿¡ Á×¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ¾Æµé Çì·Ô ¾ÈƼÆÄ½º°¡ ¿¹¼öÀÇ À¯³â ½ÃÀý ±×¸®°í »ç¸íȰµ¿ ±â°£ µ¿¾È, ±×¸®°í ±â¿øÈÄ 39³â±îÁö °¥¸±¸®¿Í Æä·¹¾Æ Áö¿ªÀ» ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾ÈƼÆÄ½º´Â Àڱ⠾ƹöÁö¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÈǸ¢ÇÑ °ÇÃà°¡¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ¼¼Æ÷¸®¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹«¿ªÁß½ÉÁö¸¦ ¼¼¿î °ÍÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©, °¥¸±¸® Áö¿ª¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸¹Àº µµ½ÃµéÀ» °³ÃàÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
Herod built the harbor of Caesarea, which further aided in making Palestine the crossroads of the civilized world. He died in 4 B.C., and his son Herod Antipas governed Galilee and Perea during Jesus' youth and ministry to A.D. 39. Antipas, like his father, was a great builder. He rebuilt many of the cities of Galilee, including the important trade center of Sepphoris. |
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121:2.12 |
°¥¸±¸® »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿¹·ç»ì·½ÀÇ Á¾±³ÁöµµÀÚµé°ú ¶øºñ¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ¼±»ýµé·ÎºÎÅÍ È£°¨À» »çÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¹¼ö°¡ ž½Ç ´ç½ÃÀÇ °¥¸±¸®´Â À¯´ëÀÎÀÇ Áö¿ªÀ̶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á À̹æÀÎÀÇ Áö¿ªÀ̾ú´Ù. |
The Galileans were not regarded with full favor by the Jerusalem religious leaders and rabbinical teachers. Galilee was more gentile than Jewish when Jesus was born. |
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121:3.1 |
·Î¸¶±¹°¡ÀÇ »çȸÀû °æÁ¦Àû Á¶°ÇÀÌ °¡Àå ³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ±¹³»¿¡ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ®ÀÖ´ø ÆòÈ¿Í Ç³¿ä´Â ¹Ì°¡¿¤ÀÌ Áõ¿©µÇ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¸Å¿ì ÀûÇÕÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ ÀÌÈÄ Ã¹ ¼¼±â µ¿¾È ÁöÁßÇØ Áö¿ªÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼ ¼Ó¿¡´Â, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Àß Á¶Á÷µÈ ´Ù¼¸ °³ÀÇ »çȸ°è±ÞµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù: |
Although the social and economic condition of the Roman state was not of the highest order, the widespread domestic peace and prosperity was propitious for the bestowal of Michael. In the first century after Christ the society of the Mediterranean world consisted of five well-defined strata: |
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121:3.2 |
1. ±ÍÁ· °è±Þ. µ·°ú ÈûÀ» Áã°í ÀÖ´Â »óÀ§µî±ÞÀ¸·Î Ư±ÇÀ» °¡Áø Áö¹è°èÃþ. |
1. The aristocracy. The upper classes with money and official power, the privileged and ruling groups. |
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121:3.3 |
2. »ç¾÷ÀÚ Áý´Üµé. ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »óÀεé°ú ÀºÇà°¡µé, ¹«¿ª¾÷Àڵ馡ū ±Ô¸ðÀÇ ¼öÀÔ, ¼öÃâ¾÷Àڵ馡°ú ±×¸®°í ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ »óÀεé. |
2. The business groups. The merchant princes and the bankers, the traders -- the big importers and exporters -- the international merchants. |
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121:3.4 |
3. ¼Ò¼öÀÇ Áß»êÃþ °è±Þ. ÀÌ Áý´ÜÀº ±Ô¸ð´Â ¸Å¿ì ÀÛ¾ÒÁö¸¸, Ãʱ⠱׸®½ºµµ±³ ±³È¸¿¡¼ ¸Å¿ì ¿µÇâ·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í µµ´öÀûÀÎ ÁßÃß ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±³È¸´Â ÀÌ Áý´ÜµéÀÌ °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ý»ê°ú ±³¿ªÀ» Çϵµ·Ï Àå·ÁÇÏ¿´´Ù. À¯´ëÀεé Áß¿¡¼ ¸¹Àº ¹Ù¸®»õÀεéÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óÀÎ µî±Þ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
3. The small middle class. Although this group was indeed small, it was very influential and provided the moral backbone of the early Christian church, which encouraged these groups to continue in their various crafts and trades. Among the Jews many of the Pharisees belonged to this class of tradesmen. |
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121:3.5 |
4. ÀÚÀ¯ ¹«»ê °è±Þ. »çȸÀû ÁöÀ§°¡ ¸Å¿ì ³·°Å³ª ¾ø´Â Áý´Ü. ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ´©¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀںνÉÀº ÀÖÀ¸³ª ³ë¿¹ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ¿Í °æÀïÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ ¸Å¿ì ºÒ¸®ÇÑ ÀÔÀå¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »óÀ§ µî±ÞµéÀº À̵éÀ» °æ¸êÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¡°ÀÚ¼ÕÀ» ¹ø¼º½ÃŰ´Â ¸ñÀû¡± À̿ܿ¡´Â ¾Æ¹« ¾µ¸ð°¡ ¾ø´Ù°í ¿©°å´Ù. |
4. The free proletariat. This group had little or no social standing. Though proud of their freedom, they were placed at great disadvantage because they were forced to compete with slave labor. The upper classes regarded them disdainfully, allowing that they were useless except for "breeding purposes." |
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121:3.6 |
5. ³ë¿¹µé ·Î¸¶Á¦±¹ Àα¸ÀÇ Àý¹ÝÀÌ ³ë¿¹¿´À¸¸ç; ¸¹Àº ÀÚµéÀÌ ¿ì¼öÇÑ °³º°Á¸Àç¿´°í, ÀÚÀ¯ ¹«»ê °è±ÞÀ¸·Î, ȤÀº »óÀÎ °è±Þ¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ½ÅºÐÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃŰ´Â Åë·Î¸¦ À绡¸® °³Ã´ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ³ë¿¹µéÀº Æò¹üÇϰųª ¿µîÇÑ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
5. The slaves. Half the population of the Roman state were slaves; many were superior individuals and quickly made their way up among the free proletariat and even among the tradesmen. The majority were either mediocre or very inferior. |
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121:3.7 |
¿ì¼öÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÁ¶Â÷ ³ë¿¹°¡ µÈ °ÍÀº ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ±º»çÀû Á¤º¹À¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÇϳªÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À̾ú´Ù. ³ë¿¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖÀÎÀÇ ÈûÀº Àý´ëÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. ÃʱâÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±³È¸´Â ÁÖ·Î ÇÏÃþ µî±Þµé°ú ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ë¿¹µé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
Slavery, even of superior peoples, was a feature of Roman military conquest. The power of the master over his slave was unqualified. The early Christian church was largely composed of the lower classes and these slaves. |
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121:3.8 |
¿ì¼öÇÑ ³ë¿¹µéÀº ÀÓ±ÝÀ» ¹Þ´Â °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¼öÀÔÀ» ÀúÃàÇÏ¿© µ·À¸·Î ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ »ì ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¿© ÇØ¹æµÈ ¸¹Àº ³ë¿¹µéÀÌ ±¹°¡¿Í ±³È¸ ±×¸®°í »ó¾÷¼¼°è¿¡¼ ³ôÀº ÁöÀ§¿¡ ¿Ã¶ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ÃʱâÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±³È¸´Â º¯ÇüµÈ ÀÌ ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ¸¦ ½±°Ô ¿ë³³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
Superior slaves often received wages and by saving their earnings were able to purchase their freedom. Many such emancipated slaves rose to high positions in state, church, and the business world. And it was just such possibilities that made the early Christian church so tolerant of this modified form of slavery. |
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121:3.9 |
±×¸®½ºµµ ÀÌÈÄ Ã¹ ¼¼±â µ¿¾È, ·Î¸¶Á¦±¹ ¾È¿¡´Â ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ®ÀÖ´Â »çȸÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÀÏ¹Ý ´ëÁßµéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¿ì¿¬È÷ ÅÂ¾î³ ±× Áý´Ü ¾È¿¡ ¼Ò¼ÓµÈ °ÍÀ» ´ç¿¬ÇÏ°Ô ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Ù. Àç´É ÀÖ°í À¯´ÉÇÑ °³º°Á¸Àçµé¿¡°Ô´Â ³·Àº °è±Þ¿¡¼ ·Î¸¶ »çȸÀÇ ³ôÀº °è±ÞÀ¸·Î »ó½ÂÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹®ÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¿·Á ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »çȸÀû °è±Þ¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº µî±ÞÀ» ÀǽÄÇϰųª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µî±Þ ±¸ºÐÀÌ ±×¸©µÇ°Å³ª ºÒ°øÆòÇÏ´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â °èÃþµéÀÇ °íÅëÀ» °³¼±½ÃŰ´Â ±×°ÍÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇÑ °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ°ú´Â ÀüÇô »ó°üÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. |
There was no widespread social problem in the Roman Empire in the first century after Christ. The major portion of the populace regarded themselves as belonging in that group into which they chanced to be born. There was always the open door through which talented and able individuals could ascend from the lower to the higher strata of Roman society, but the people were generally content with their social rank. They were not class conscious, neither did they look upon these class distinctions as being unjust or wrong. Christianity was in no sense an economic movement having for its purpose the amelioration of the miseries of the depressed classes. |
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121:3.10 |
¿©ÀÚµéÀº ºñ·Ï ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àο¡¼ÀÇ Á¦ÇÑµÈ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ºñÇÏ¿©, ·Î¸¶Á¦±¹ Àü¿ª¿¡¼ ´õ ¸¹Àº ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ´©¸± ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ °¡Á·¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çå½Å°ú ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î ¾ÖÁ¤Àº À̹æÀÎ ¼¼°èÀÇ ±×°ÍÀ» ÈξÀ ÃÊ¿ùÇß´Ù. |
Although woman enjoyed more freedom throughout the Roman Empire than in her restricted position in Palestine, the family devotion and natural affection of the Jews far transcended that of the gentile world. |
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121:4.1 |
µµ´öÀû °üÁ¡¿¡¼ º¼ ¶§, À̹æÀεéÀº À¯´ëÀε鿡 ºñÇØ ¾î´À Á¤µµ ¿µîÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, º¸´Ù °í»óÇÑ À̹æÀεéÀÇ °¡½¿ ¼Ó¿¡´Â ¼±ÃµÀûÀÎ ¼±ÇÔ°ú ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ Àΰ£ ¾ÖÁ¤ÀÇ Ç³ºÎÇÑ Åä¾çÀÌ ¸¶·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ¾¾¾ÑÀÌ ½ÏÆ®°í Àڶ󳪼 µµ´öÀûÀÎ ¼º°Ý°ú ¿µÀû ¼ºÃë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ç³¼ºÇÑ ¿¸Å¸¦ ¼öÈ®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À̹æÀÇ ¼¼°è´Â ±× ¶§ ³× °¡ÁöÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ Ã¶Çе鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼ Áö¹èµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌµé ¸ðµÎ´Â ´Ù¼Ò°£ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ÀÖÁö¸¸, °í´ë ±×¸®½ºÀÇ ÇöóÅæÁÖÀǷκÎÅÍ ÆÄ»ýµÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¶ÇÐ ÇÐÆÄµéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù: |
The gentiles were, from a moral standpoint, somewhat inferior to the Jews, but there was present in the hearts of the nobler gentiles abundant soil of natural goodness and potential human affection in which it was possible for the seed of Christianity to sprout and bring forth an abundant harvest of moral character and spiritual achievement. The gentile world was then dominated by four great philosophies, all more or less derived from the earlier Platonism of the Greeks. These schools of philosophy were: |
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121:4.2 |
1. Äè¶ôÁÖÀÇ ÇÐÆÄ. ÀÌ ÇÐÆÄ´Â Çູ Ãß±¸¿¡ Àü³äÇÏ¿´´Ù. »ó±ÞÀÇ Äè¶ôÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº °¨°¢Àû ¹«ÀýÁ¦¿¡ ºüÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ »ç»óÀº Àû¾îµµ Àý¸ÁÀûÀÎ ¼÷¸í·ÐÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ·Î¸¶ÀεéÀ» ±¸ÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù; »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¶¥¿¡¼ÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ Çâ»ó½Ã۱â À§ÇØ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¹«Áö¸ù¸ÅÇÑ ¹Ì½Å°ú È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ½Î¿ö³ª°¬´Ù. |
1. The Epicurean. This school of thought was dedicated to the pursuit of happiness. The better Epicureans were not given to sensual excesses. At least this doctrine helped to deliver the Romans from a more deadly form of fatalism; it taught that men could do something to improve their terrestrial status. It did effectually combat ignorant superstition. |
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121:4.3 |
2. ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇ ÇÐÆÄ. ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇ´Â »óÀ§°è±ÞÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °®´Â ¿ì¿ùÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐÀ̾ú´Ù. ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ÅëÁ¦ÀûÀÎ À̼º-¼÷¸íÀÌ ¸ðµç º»¼ºÀ» Á¿ìÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ È¥ÀÌ ½Å¼ºÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í °¡¸£ÃÆÀ¸¸ç; ¹°ÁúÀû º»¼ºÀ» °®´Â ¾ÇÇÑ À°Ã¼ ¼Ó¿¡ ±×°ÍÀÌ ¼Ó¹ÚµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÇ È¥Àº ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ º»¼º, ÇÏ´À´Ô°ú Á¶È¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â »îÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÇØ¹æÀ» ¼ºÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, µû¶ó¼ ´öÇàÀº ½º½º·Î º¸»óÀ» °¡Á®¿À°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇ´Â ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¾î¶² ¼øÀüÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐü°èµµ ÃÊ¿ùÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´ø ¼þ°íÇÑ µµ´ö¼º, ÀÌ»óµé·Î »ó½ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ¡°ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÀÚ¼Õ¡±ÀÌ µÇ°Ú´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ±×¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ³»´Â µ¥¿¡´Â ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´°í µû¶ó¼ ±×¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ¸·Î ³²¾ÆÀÖ°Ô µÇ°í; Á¾±³°¡ µÇÁö¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀº ¿ìÁÖÀû ¸¶À½°ú Á¶È¸¦ ÀÌ·ç±â À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ¸¶À½À» Á¶À²ÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö½èÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÌ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ÀÚ³àÀÓÀ» Á÷½ÃÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹Ù¿ïÀº ¡°³ª´Â ³»°¡ ¾î¶² óÁö¿¡ ÀÖµçÁö °Å±â¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹è¿ü´Ù.¡±¶ó´Â ±ÛÀ» ½èÀ» ¶§, ±×´Â ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇ¿¡ »ó´çÈ÷ ÀÇÁ¸µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
2. The Stoic. Stoicism was the superior philosophy of the better classes. The Stoics believed that a controlling Reason-Fate dominated all nature. They taught that the soul of man was divine; that it was imprisoned in the evil body of physical nature. Man's soul achieved liberty by living in harmony with nature, with God; thus virtue came to be its own reward. Stoicism ascended to a sublime morality, ideals never since transcended by any purely human system of philosophy. While the Stoics professed to be the "offspring of God," they failed to know him and therefore failed to find him. Stoicism remained a philosophy; it never became a religion. Its followers sought to attune their minds to the harmony of the Universal Mind, but they failed to envisage themselves as the children of a loving Father. Paul leaned heavily toward Stoicism when he wrote, "I have learned in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content." |
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121:4.4 |
3. °ßÀ¯(̳êã)ÇÐÆÄ. °ßÀ¯ÇÐÆÄ´Â ±×µéÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÇ ÀÚÃë°¡ ¾Æµ§ÀÇ µð¿À°Ô³×½º¿¡°Ô±îÁö °Å½½·¯ ¿Ã¶ó°¬Áö¸¸, ±×µéÀÇ ±³¸®µé ´ëºÎºÐÀº ¸¶Å°º¥Å¸ ¸á±â¼¼µ¦ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µé Áß¿¡¼ ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â ºÎºÐÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡µÇ¾ú´Ù. °ßÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ´Â Ãʱ⿡´Â öÇÐÀ̶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÇϳªÀÇ Á¾±³¿´´Ù. °ßÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº Àû¾îµµ ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ Á¾±³Àû-öÇÐÀ» ¹ÎÁÖÀûÀΠüÁ¦·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ¹úÆÇ¿¡¼³ª ½ÃÀå¿¡¼ ±×µéÀº ¡°»ç¶÷Àº ¿øÇϱ⸸ Çϸé ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ±¸¿øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.¡±´Â ÀڽŵéÀÇ ½ÅÁ¶¸¦ ¼³ÆÄÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ´Ü¼ø¼º°ú ¼±ÇàÀ» °¡¸£ÃÆÀ¸¸ç, »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý µÎ·Á¿ò ¾øÀÌ Á×À½À» ¸ÂÀÌÇϵµ·Ï °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¶ûÇÏ´Â °ßÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ ÀüµµÀÚµéÀº, ¿µÀûÀ¸·Î ¹è°íÇ ´ëÁßµéÀÌ ³ªÁß¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³Àû ±³¸®¿Í ¸¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¸¹ÀÌ Áغñ½ÃÄÑ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ´ëÁß ¼³±³ °èȹÀº ¹Ù¿ï ¼½ÅµéÀ» ÁÖ·Î º» ¶¤°í ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ¹®Ã¼¿Í Èí»çÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
3. The Cynic. Although the Cynics traced their philosophy to Diogenes of Athens, they derived much of their doctrine from the remnants of the teachings of Machiventa Melchizedek. Cynicism had formerly been more of a religion than a philosophy. At least the Cynics made their religio-philosophy democratic. In the fields and in the market places they continually preached their doctrine that "man could save himself if he would." They preached simplicity and virtue and urged men to meet death fearlessly. These wandering Cynic preachers did much to prepare the spiritually hungry populace for the later Christian missionaries. Their plan of popular preaching was much after the pattern, and in accordance with the style, of Paul's Epistles. |
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121:4.5 |
4. ȸÀÇÁÖÀÇ ÇÐÆÄ. ȸÀÇÁÖÀÇ´Â Áö½ÄÀ̶õ ±×¸©µÈ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ½Å³äÀ̳ª ¹ÏÀ½Àº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¼øÀüÈ÷ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀΠŵµ¿´À¸¸ç ³Î¸® ÀüÆÄµÈ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. |
4. The Skeptic. Skepticism asserted that knowledge was fallacious, and that conviction and assurance were impossible. It was a purely negative attitude and never became widespread. |
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121:4.6 |
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ã¶ÇеéÀº ¹Ý(Úâ)-Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °ÍµéÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç; À̰͵éÀº Á¾Á¾ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Ȱ±â ÀÖ°Ô Çϰí À±¸®ÀûÀÌ¸ç °í±ÍÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé±âµµ ÇÏ¿´À¸³ª Æò¹üÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ °ßÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ´Â Á¦¿ÜµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°ÚÁö¸¸, À̰͵éÀº °ÇÑ ÀÚµé°ú Çö¸íÇÑ ÀÚµéÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾úÁö, °¡³ÇÏ°í ¾àÇÑ ÀÚµéÀ» ÇâÇÑ ±¸¿øÀÇ Á¾±³´Â ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. |
These philosophies were semireligious; they were often invigorating, ethical, and ennobling but were usually above the common people. With the possible exception of Cynicism, they were philosophies for the strong and the wise, not religions of salvation for even the poor and the weak. |
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121:5.1 |
ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¸ðµç ½Ã´ë¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© Á¾±³´Â ÁÖ·Î ÇÑ ºÎÁ·À̳ª ¶Ç´Â ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿´À¸¸ç; °³º°Á¸Àç¿¡°Ô °ü½ÉÀ» µÎ´Â °æ¿ì´Â µå¹°¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ¹æ ½ÅµéÀº ºÎÁ· ¶Ç´Â ±¹°¡¸¦ À§ÇÑ Á¸Àç¿´°í, °³ÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ Á¸Àç°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¾±³ ü°èµéÀº º¸Åë °³ÀÎÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ °³º°ÀûÀÎ ¿µÀû ¼Ò¸Á¿¡´Â º°´Ù¸¥ ¸¸Á·À» ÁÖÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
Throughout preceding ages religion had chiefly been an affair of the tribe or nation; it had not often been a matter of concern to the individual. Gods were tribal or national, not personal. Such religious systems afforded little satisfaction for the individual spiritual longings of the average person. |
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121:5.2 |
¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¼¾çÀÇ Á¾±³µé¿¡´Â ´ÙÀ½ÀÌ Æ÷ÇÔ µÈ´Ù: |
In the times of Jesus the religions of the Occident included: |
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121:5.3 |
1. À̱³µµ Á¾ÆÄ. ÀÌ°Íµé ¼Ó¿¡´Â ±×¸®½º¿Í ¶óƾÀÇ ½ÅÈ, ¾Ö±¹½É, ±×¸®°í ÀüÅëÀÌ µÚ¼¯¿© ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
1. The pagan cults. These were a combination of Hellenic and Latin mythology, patriotism, and tradition. |
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121:5.4 |
2. ȲÁ¦¼þ¹è. ±¹°¡ÀÇ »ó¡À¸·Î¼ »ç¶÷À» ÀÌ·¸°Ô ½Å¼ºÈÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© À¯´ë±³Àεé°ú Ãʱ⠱׸®½ºµµ±³ÀÎ µéÀº ¸Å¿ì ºÐ°³ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ·Î¸¶ Á¤ºÎ·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÌ ¾çÂÊ ±³È¸µé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Ȥµ¶ÇÑ ¹ÚÇØ¸¦ °¡ÇÏ´Â Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
2. Emperor worship. This deification of man as the symbol of the state was very seriously resented by the Jews and the early Christians and led directly to the bitter persecutions of both churches by the Roman government. |
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121:5.5 |
3. Á¡¼º¼ú. ¹Ùºô·ÐÀÇ ÀÌ »çÀ̺ñ °úÇÐÀº ±×¸®½º-·Î¸¶Á¦±¹¿¡ µÎ·ç Á¾±³·Î ¹ßÀüÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î 20¼¼±â »ç¶÷µéµµ ÀÌ ¹Ì½ÅÀûÀÎ ¹ÏÀ½À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃæºÐÇÏ°Ô ÇØ¹æµÇÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
3. Astrology. This pseudo science of Babylon developed into a religion throughout the Greco-Roman Empire. Even in the twentieth century man has not been fully delivered from this superstitious belief. |
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121:5.6 |
4. ½Åºñ Á¾±³. ±×Åä·Ï ¿µÀûÀ¸·Î °¥±ÞÇÑ ¼¼»ó »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô, ½ÅºñÁ¾ÆÄµé, Æò¹üÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇöȤÇÏ°í ±×µé¿¡°Ô °³º°ÀûÀÎ ±¸¿øÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇÏ´Â, ·¹¹ÝÆ® Áö¿ªÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ý°Ü³ »õ·Ó°í »ö´Ù¸¥ Á¾±³µéÀÌ ½ñ¾ÆÁ® ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾±³µéÀº ±×¸®½º-·Î¸¶ ¼¼°èÀÇ ÇÏÀ§ °èÃþ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »¡¸® ÀüÆÄµÇ¾î ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Á³´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀº, ½Å(ãê)ÀÇ Àå¾öÇÑ °³³äÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â ÈξÀ ¿ì¿ùÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀÌ ´ç½ÃÀÇ Áö½ÄÀε鿡°Ô´Â Èï¹Ì¸¦ À̲ô´Â ½ÅÇÐÀ» Á¦°øÇϰí, ¹«ÁöÇϱâ´Â ÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ¿µÀûÀ¸·Î °¥±ÞÇØ ÀÖ´ø Æò¹ÎµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±¸¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½É¿ÀÇÑ Á¦¾ÈÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ºü¸£°Ô ÆÛÁ® ³ª°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±æÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. |
4. The mystery religions. Upon such a spiritually hungry world a flood of mystery cults had broken, new and strange religions from the Levant, which had enamored the common people and had promised them individual salvation. These religions rapidly became the accepted belief of the lower classes of the Greco-Roman world. And they did much to prepare the way for the rapid spread of the vastly superior Christian teachings, which presented a majestic concept of Deity, associated with an intriguing theology for the intelligent and a profound proffer of salvation for all, including the ignorant but spiritually hungry average man of those days. |
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121:5.7 |
½Åºñ Á¾±³µéÀº ±¹°¡Àû ½Å¾ÓµéÀÇ Á¾¸»À» ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ¿´°í, ±× °á°ú·Î ¼ö¸¹Àº °³ÀÎÀû Á¾ÆÄµéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»¾ú´Ù. ½ÅºñÁÖÀǵéÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸ ¸ðµÎ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Ư¡À» °®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù: |
The mystery religions spelled the end of national beliefs and resulted in the birth of the numerous personal cults. The mysteries were many but were all characterized by: |
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121:5.8 |
1. ¾à°£ÀÇ ½ÅÈÀû Àü¼³, ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ½Åºñ¦¡±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÇ À̸§ÀÌ À¯·¡µÊ. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Åºñ±³´Â ¹ÌÆ®¶ó ¼þ¹è¿¡¼ °¡¸£Ä¡´Â °Íµé¿¡¼ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÀÏ»ý°ú Á×À½ ±×¸®°í ºÎȰ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̾߱â¿Í °ü·ÃµÇ¾î Àִµ¥, Çѵ¿¾È ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ½ÅÈï Á¾ÆÄ¿Í °ø»ýÇÏ¸é¼ ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ¼·Î °æÀïÀ» ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
1. Some mythical legend, a mystery -- whence their name. As a rule this mystery pertained to the story of some god's life and death and return to life, as illustrated by the teachings of Mithraism, which, for a time, were contemporary with, and a competitor of, Paul's rising cult of Christianity. |
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121:5.9 |
2. ½Åºñ±³µéÀº ±¹°¡¿Í ÀÎÁ¾À» ÃÊ¿ùÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº °³ÀÎÀûÀÌ°í ¿ì¾ÖÀûÀ̾ú°í, Á¾±³Àû ÇüÁ¦½ÅºÐ°ú ¼ö¸¹Àº Á¾ÆÄÀû »çȸ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³ª°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. |
2. The mysteries were nonnational and interracial. They were personal and fraternal, giving rise to religious brotherhoods and numerous sectarian societies. |
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121:5.10 |
3. ±×µéÀÇ °æ¹è´Â È·ÁÇÑ ÀÔÀå Àǽİú °¨µ¿ÀûÀÎ ¼ºÂùÀÌ Æ¯Â¡ À̾ú´Ù. Àº¹ÐÇÏ°Ô ÇàÇØÁö´Â ±×µéÀÇ Àǽİú ¿¹½ÄÀº ¶§·Î´Â ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇϰí Çø¿À½º·¯¿î °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
3. They were, in their services, characterized by elaborate ceremonies of initiation and impressive sacraments of worship. Their secret rites and rituals were sometimes gruesome and revolting. |
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121:5.11 |
4. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÇ ¿¹½ÄµéÀÇ º»ÁúÀ̳ª ±×°ÍµéÀÇ Áö³ªÄ£ Á¤µµ°¡ ¾î¶°ÇÏ¿´´ÂÁö¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀÌ, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Åºñ±³µéÀº Çϳª°°ÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ½ÅºÀÀڵ鿡°Ô ±¸¿ø, ¡°¾ÇÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ÇØ¹æ, Á×À½ ÀÌÈÄÀÇ »ýÁ¸, ±×¸®°í ½½Çİú ¼Ó¹ÚÀÌ °¡µæÇÑ ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÑ °¡Àå ÇູÇÑ ¼¼°è¿¡¼ÀÇ Ç×±¸Àû ÀÏ»ý¡±À» ¾à¼ÓÇß´Ù. |
4. But no matter what the nature of their ceremonies or the degree of their excesses, these mysteries invariably promised their devotees salvation, "deliverance from evil, survival after death, and enduring life in blissful realms beyond this world of sorrow and slavery." |
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121:5.12 |
±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» È¥µ¿ÇÏ´Â ¿À·ù¸¦ ¹üÇØ¼´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù. ½ÅºñÁÖÀǰ¡ Àα⸦ ¾ò´Â´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº, »ýÁ¸À» À§ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ Å½±¸¸¦ µå·¯³»´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼, °³ÀÎÀû Á¾±³¿Í °³º°Àû Á¤ÀǷοò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÇÁ¦Àû °¥Áõ°ú °¥¸ÁÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼Ò¸ÁÀ» ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô ¸¸Á·½ÃÄÑ ÁÖ´Â µ¥¿¡´Â ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ±×µéÀº Á¤¸»·Î ¹Ù·Î ±× ÈÄ¿¡ ¿¹¼ö°¡ »ý¸íÀÇ »§°ú »ý¸í¼ö¸¦ ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀ¸·Î °¡Áö°í ¿À½Ç ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ±× ±æÀ» ¿¹ºñÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
But do not make the mistake of confusing the teachings of Jesus with the mysteries. The popularity of the mysteries reveals man's quest for survival, thus portraying a real hunger and thirst for personal religion and individual righteousness. Although the mysteries failed adequately to satisfy this longing, they did prepare the way for the subsequent appearance of Jesus, who truly brought to this world the bread of life and the water thereof. |
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121:5.13 |
¹Ù¿ïÀº ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´Â º¸´Ù ³ªÀº À¯ÇüÀÇ ½Åºñ Á¾±³µéÀ» Ȱ¿ëÇϰíÀÚ ¾Ö¾²¸é¼, °³Á¾ÀÌ ±â´ëµÇ´Â ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô º¸´Ù ½±°Ô ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Áú ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï, ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µé Áß ÀϺκÐÀ» °³ÀÛ(ËÇíÂ)ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µé(±×¸®½ºµµ±³)ÀÌ ¹Ù¿ï¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¯ÇüµÇ¾úÀ»Áö¶óµµ, ½Åºñ±³µé Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¿ì¼öÇÑ °Íº¸´Ùµµ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Á¡¿¡¼ ÈξÀ ¿ì¿ùÇÏ¿´´Ù: |
Paul, in an effort to utilize the widespread adherence to the better types of the mystery religions, made certain adaptations of the teachings of Jesus so as to render them more acceptable to a larger number of prospective converts. But even Paul's compromise of Jesus' teachings (Christianity) was superior to the best in the mysteries in that: |
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121:5.14 |
1. ¹Ù¿ïÀº µµ´öÀûÀÎ ´ë¼Ó(ÓÛáÛ)°ú À±¸®ÀûÀÎ ±¸¿øÀ» °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â »õ·Î¿î »ý¸íÀ» ÁöÀûÇÏ°í »õ·Î¿î ÀÌ»óÀ» ¼±Æ÷ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹Ù¿ïÀº ¸¶¹ýÀûÀÎ Àǽİú Á¦ÀÇÀûÀÎ ¸Å·ÂµéÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
1. Paul taught a moral redemption, an ethical salvation. Christianity pointed to a new life and proclaimed a new ideal. Paul forsook magic rites and ceremonial enchantments. |
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121:5.15 |
2. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â ½½Çİú Á×À½À¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ±¸¿ø»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿µ¿øÇÑ »ýÁ¸ º»Áú¼ºÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ·Î¿î ¼º°Ý ÀÚÁú¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© À̾îÁö´Â Á˷κÎÅÍÀÇ ÇØ¹æÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇÏ´Â, Àΰ£ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀÎ ÇØ´äÀ» ¿òÄÑÁå ÇϳªÀÇ Á¾±³¸¦ ÃâÇö½ÃÄ×´Ù. |
2. Christianity presented a religion which grappled with final solutions of the human problem, for it not only offered salvation from sorrow and even from death, but it also promised deliverance from sin followed by the endowment of a righteous character of eternal survival qualities. |
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121:5.16 |
3. ½Åºñ±³µéÀº ½ÅÈ¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÎ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â ¹Ù¿ïÀÌ °¡¸£ÃƵíÀÌ, ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀÎ ¹Ì°¡¿¤ÀÌ Àηù¿¡°Ô Áõ¿©µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ »ç½Ç¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÎ¾ú´Ù. |
3. The mysteries were built upon myths. Christianity, as Paul preached it, was founded upon a historic fact: the bestowal of Michael, the Son of God, upon mankind. |
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121:5.17 |
À̹æÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ µµ´ö¼ºÀº Á¾±³³ª öÇаú ¹Ýµå½Ã °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸ÀÎ ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ Áö¿ª¿¡¼´Â, Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ÁöµµÀÚ°¡ µµ´öÀûÀÎ ÀÏ»ýµµ ¿ª½Ã ÀεµÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Ç×»ó °£ÁÖµÇÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. À¯´ëÀÇ Á¾±³¿Í, ±× µÚ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§, ±×¸®°í ¹Ù¿ï¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ³ªÁß¿¡ ¹ßÀüµÈ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â, ÇÑ ¼ÕÀº µµ´ö À§¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ¼ÕÀº À±¸® À§¿¡ ³õ°í Á¾±³Àεé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÌ µÎ °¡Áö ÀÏ¿¡ ¸ðµÎ ¾î¶² °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áú °ÍÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϴ ù ¹øÂ°·Î Àü À¯·´¿¡ ÆÛÁø Á¾±³°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
Morality among the gentiles was not necessarily related to either philosophy or religion. Outside of Palestine it not always occurred to people that a priest of religion was supposed to lead a moral life. Jewish religion and subsequently the teachings of Jesus and later the evolving Christianity of Paul were the first European religions to lay one hand upon morals and the other upon ethics, insisting that religionists pay some attention to both. |
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121:5.18 |
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹Ì¿Ï¼º öÇÐü°è¿Í º¹ÀâÇÑ »ç±³(Þ÷Îç)µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áö¹è¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ È¥¶õ ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´ø ±×·¯ÇÑ Àηù ¼¼´ë ¼Ó¿¡, ¿¹¼ö°¡ ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àο¡ Å¾´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ³ªÁß¿¡ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ¼¼´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô, °³ÀÎÀû Á¾±³¦¡ÇÏ´À´Ô°úÀÇ ¾Æµé°ü°è¦¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ º¹À½À» Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
Into such a generation of men, dominated by such incomplete systems of philosophy and perplexed by such complex cults of religion, Jesus was born in Palestine. And to this same generation he subsequently gave his gospel of personal religion -- sonship with God. |
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121:6.1 |
±â¿øÀü 1¼¼±â°¡ ³¡³¯ ¶§±îÁö, ¿¹·ç»ì·½ÀÇ Á¾±³Àû »ç»óÀº ±×¸®½ºÀÇ ¹®ÈÀû °¡¸£Ä§µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼, ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ±×¸®½º öÇп¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¸Å¿ì ¸¹Àº ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¼ ¾î´À Á¤µµ º¯ÇüµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. È÷ºê¸® »ç»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿¹æ ÇÐÆÄ¿Í ¼¹æÇÐÆÄÀÇ °ßÇØµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ´ë¸³ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´ø Áß¿¡, ¿¹·ç»ì·½°ú ±× ¿ÜÀÇ ¼¾ç°ú ·¹¹ÝÆ® Áö¿ªÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¼¹æ½Ä À¯´ëÀÎ Áï º¯ÇüµÈ ±×¸®½º °üÁ¡À» äÅÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
By the close of the first century before Christ the religious thought of Jerusalem had been tremendously influenced and somewhat modified by Greek cultural teachings and even by Greek philosophy. In the long contest between the views of the Eastern and Western schools of Hebrew thought, Jerusalem and the rest of the Occident and the Levant in general adopted the Western Jewish or modified Hellenistic viewpoint. |
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121:6.2 |
¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àο¡¼´Â ¼¼ °¡Áö ¾ð¾î°¡ Åë¿ëµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥: º¸Åë»ç¶÷µéÀº »çÅõ¸®°¡ ¾à°£ ¼¯ÀÎ ¾Æ¶÷¾î¸¦; »çÁ¦µé°ú ¶øºñµéÀº È÷ºê¸®¾î¸¦; ±×¸®°í ±³À°¹ÞÀº °èÃþ°ú »ó·ùÃþ À¯´ëÀεéÀº ´ë°³ ±×¸®½º¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. Ãʱ⿡ ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ¿¡¼ ±×¸®½º¾î·Î ¹ø¿ªµÈ È÷ºê¸® °æÀüÀº, ³ªÁß¿¡ À¯´ë ¹®È¿Í ½ÅÇп¡¼ ±×¸®½ºÆÄ°¡ ¿ì¼¼ÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ¿øÀÎÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í °°Àº ¾ð¾î·Î ±â·ÏµÈ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±³»çµéÀÇ ÀÛǰµéÀÌ °ð ÃâÇöÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. À¯´ëÁÖÀÇÀÇ ºÎÈïÀº È÷ºê¸® °æÀüÀÌ ±×¸®½º¾î·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ´Â ¶§·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ. À̰ÍÀº ³ªÁß¿¡ ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ Á¾ÆÄ°¡ µ¿¹æÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¡´Â ´ë½Å¿¡ ¼¹æÀ¸·Î Èê·¯ µé¾î°¡µµ·Ï °áÁ¤µÇ´Â µ¥¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù. |
In the days of Jesus three languages prevailed in Palestine: The common people spoke some dialect of Aramaic; the priests and rabbis spoke Hebrew; the educated classes and the better strata of Jews in general spoke Greek. The early translation of the Hebrew scriptures into Greek at Alexandria was responsible in no small measure for the subsequent predominance of the Greek wing of Jewish culture and theology. And the writings of the Christian teachers were soon to appear in the same language. The renaissance of Judaism dates from the Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures. This was a vital influence which later determined the drift of Paul's Christian cult toward the West instead of toward the East. |
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121:6.3 |
±×¸®½ºÈµÈ À¯´ëÀÎÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½Àº Äè¶ôÁÖÀÇÇÐÆÄÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» °ÅÀÇ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ÇöóÅæÀÇ Ã¶Çаú, Àڱ⸦ ±Øº¹ÇÏ·Á´Â ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ±³¸®·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Å©°Ô Àá½Ä´çÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº ¸¶Ä«ºñ¼ÀÇ Á¦4±Ç¿¡ Àß ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖÀ¸¸ç: ÇöóÅæÀÇ Ã¶ÇлӸ¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇÀÇ ±³¸® ¿ª½Ã ħÅõÇØ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº ¼Ö·Î¸óÀÇ ÁöÇý¼¿¡ Àß ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºÈµÈ À¯´ëÀεéÀº È÷ºê¸® °æÀü¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ìÈÀûÀÎ ÇØ¼®À» ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ÀÚ±âµéÀÌ Á¸°æÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º öÇÐÀ» È÷ºê¸® ½ÅÇп¡ Á¢¸ñ½ÃŰ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ º°·Î ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀº, ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾ÆÀÇ Çʷΰ¡ ±×¸®½º öÇаú È÷ºê¸®ÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀ» °£´ÜÇÏ°í ºñ±³Àû ¸ð¼øÀÌ ¾ø´Â Á¾±³Àû ½Å¾Ó°ú ½ÇõÀÇ Ã¼°è·Î Á¶È½Ã۰í ü°èÈÇÏ¿© ÀÌ ¹®Á¦µéÀÌ Ã³¸®µÇ±â Àü±îÁö´Â ±ØµµÀÇ È¥¶õÀ» ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼ö°¡ »ì¾Æ ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼ °¡¸£Ä¡´ø ½Ã±â¿¡, ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àο¡´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±×¸®½º öÇаú È÷ºê¸® ½ÅÇÐÀÌ ÇÕÃÄÁø ÈÄ´ëÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ¼ºÇàÇϰí ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ù¿ïÀº À̸¦ Á» ´õ Áøº¸ÀûÀÌ°í °è¸ùµÈ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ Á¾ÆÄ¸¦ ¼¼¿ì±â À§ÇÑ ±âÃʷΠȰ¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
Though the Hellenized Jewish beliefs were very little influenced by the teachings of the Epicureans, they were very materially affected by the philosophy of Plato and the self-abnegation doctrines of the Stoics. The great inroad of Stoicism is exemplified by the Fourth Book of the Maccabees; the penetration of both Platonic philosophy and Stoic doctrines is exhibited in the Wisdom of Solomon. The Hellenized Jews brought to the Hebrew scriptures such an allegorical interpretation that they found no difficulty in conforming Hebrew theology with their revered Aristotelian philosophy. But this all led to disastrous confusion until these problems were taken in hand by Philo of Alexandria, who proceeded to harmonize and systemize Greek philosophy and Hebrew theology into a compact and fairly consistent system of religious belief and practice. And it was this later teaching of combined Greek philosophy and Hebrew theology that prevailed in Palestine when Jesus lived and taught, and which Paul utilized as the foundation on which to build his more advanced and enlightening cult of Christianity. |
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121:6.4 |
Çʷδ À§´ëÇÑ ¼±»ýÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç; ¸ð¼¼ ÀÌÈÄ ¼¾ç ¼¼°èÀÇ À±¸®Àû ±×¸®°í µµ´öÀû »ç»ó¿¡ ±×Åä·Ï ±íÀº ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£ »ç¶÷Àº ¾ø¾ú´Ù. À±¸®ÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§°ú Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§À̶ó´Â µ¿½Ã ¹ß»ýÀû ü°èµé ¼Ó¿¡¼, º¸´Ù ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» °áÇÕÇÑ Àϰö ¸íÀÇ Å¹¿ùÇÑ Àΰ£ ¼±»ýµéÀ» ²ÅÀÚ¸é, ½êŸµå, ¸ð¼¼, Á¶·Î¾Æ½ºÅÍ, ³ëÀÚ, ºÎó, ÇÊ·Î, ±×¸®°í ¹Ù¿ïÀÌ ÇØ´çµÈ´Ù. |
Philo was a great teacher; not since Moses had there lived a man who exerted such a profound influence on the ethical and religious thought of the Occidental world. In the matter of the combination of the better elements in contemporaneous systems of ethical and religious teachings, there have been seven outstanding human teachers: Sethard, Moses, Zoroaster, Lao-tse, Buddha, Philo, and Paul. |
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121:6.5 |
ÇÊ·ÎÀÇ ¸ð¼øÁ¡µé Áß¿¡¼ ÀüºÎ´Â ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐµéÀº, ±×¸®½ºÀÇ ½ÅºñöÇаú ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ Çü½Ä¿¡ ¸ÅÀÎ È÷ºê¸® ½ÅÇп¡ º´ÇÕÇÏ·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ Á¡À» ÀνÄÇÑ ¹Ù¿ïÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³°¡ Çü¼ºµÇ±â ÀÌÀüÀÇ ±×ÀÇ ±âÃÊ ½ÅÇп¡¼ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Çö¸íÇÏ°Ô Á¦°ÅÇÏ¿´´Ù. Çʷδ À¯´ë ½ÅÇÐ ¾È¿¡ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ÀáÀçÇØ ¿À°í ÀÖ´ø ³«¿øÃµ±¹ »ïÀ§ÀÏü °³³äÀ» ¿Ïº®ÇÏ°Ô È¸º¹½ÃÄÑÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±æ·Î ¹Ù¿ïÀ» ÀεµÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹Ù¿ïÀÌ ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾ÆÀÇ ÀÌ ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ°í ±³À°¹ÞÀº À¯´ëÀÎ ÇÊ·Î¿Í º¸Á¶¸¦ ¸ÂÃßÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´°Å³ª ¶Ç´Â ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ³Ñ¾î¼Áö ¸øÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ÇÑ °¡Áö ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ¼ÓÁË¿¡ °üÇÑ ±³¸®¿´´Âµ¥; Çʷδ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇǸ¦ È긲À¸·Î½á¸¸ ¿ë¼¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù´Â ±³¸®·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇØ¹æÀ» °¡¸£ÃÆ´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×´Â »ý°¢Á¶ÀýÀÚÀÇ ½Çü¿Í ÇöÁ¸¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹Ù¿ïÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´ø °Íº¸´Ù´Â Á¶±Ý ´õ ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ¿øÁË(ê«ñª) ÀÌ·Ð, À¯ÀüÀûÀÎ ÁË¿Í ¼±ÃµÀûÀÎ ¾Ç ±×¸®°í ±×°Íµé·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¼ÓÁË¿¡ °üÇÑ ±³¸®´Â, ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ÌÆ®¶ó ¼þ¹è¿¡¼ ±â¿øµÈ °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, È÷ºê¸® ½ÅÇÐÀ̳ª ÇÊ·ÎÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ ¶Ç´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú´Â °ÅÀÇ »ó°üÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿øÁË¿Í ¼ÓÁË¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µé Áß¿¡¼ ¾î¶² ÇüŵéÀº ¹Ù¿ï ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¸¸µé¾î ³½ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. |
Many, but not all, of Philo's inconsistencies resulting from an effort to combine Greek mystical philosophy and Roman Stoic doctrines with the legalistic theology of the Hebrews, Paul recognized and wisely eliminated from his pre-Christian basic theology. Philo led the way for Paul more fully to restore the concept of the Paradise Trinity, which had long been dormant in Jewish theology. In only one matter did Paul fail to keep pace with Philo or to transcend the teachings of this wealthy and educated Jew of Alexandria, and that was the doctrine of the atonement; Philo taught deliverance from the doctrine of forgiveness only by the shedding of blood. He also possibly glimpsed the reality and presence of the Thought Adjusters more clearly than did Paul. But Paul's theory of original sin, the doctrines of hereditary guilt and innate evil and redemption therefrom, was partially Mithraic in origin, having little in common with Hebrew theology, Philo's philosophy, or Jesus' teachings. Some phases of Paul's teachings regarding original sin and the atonement were original with himself. |
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121:6.6 |
ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼ÀÇ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÀÏ»ýÀ» ±â·ÏÇÑ °Íµé Áß¿¡¼ ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ±â·ÏµÈ ¿äÇѺ¹À½Àº, ¼¹æ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇØ ±â·ÏµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼, ±× ³»¿ëÀº ÇÊ·ÎÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéµµ µ¿½Ã¿¡ µû¸£°í ÀÖ´ø ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÎ µéÀÇ °üÁ¡À» ¸¹ÀÌ ¹Ý¿µÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
The Gospel of John, the last of the narratives of Jesus' earth life, was addressed to the Western peoples and presents its story much in the light of the viewpoint of the later Alexandrian Christians, who were also disciples of the teachings of Philo. |
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121:6.7 |
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Ã´ë ¹«·Æ¿¡, ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ¿¡¼´Â À¯´ëÀε鿡 ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ»óÇÑ ³ª»Û °¨Á¤ÀÌ ´Ù½Ã ÀϾ¼, Àü¿¡ À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ ±Ù°ÅÁö¿´´ø À̰÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, À¯´ëÀε鿡 ´ëÇÑ Áöµ¶ÇÑ ¹ÚÇØÀÇ ¹°°áÀÌ ½ÃÀÛµÇ¾î ·Î¸¶¿¡±îÁö ÆÛÁö°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×°÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼öõ ¸íÀÇ À¯´ëÀεéÀÌ Ãß¹æµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À߸øµÈ ¿îµ¿µéÀº ¿À·¡°¡Áö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç; ȲÁ¦°¡ ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎ´Â ¾ó¸¶ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¼ Á¦±¹ Àü¿ªÀÇ À¯´ëÀε鿡°Ô »©¾ÑÀº ÇØ¹æÀ» ÃæºÐÈ÷ ȸº¹½ÃÄÑ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. |
At about the time of Christ a strange reversion of feeling toward the Jews occurred in Alexandria, and from this former Jewish stronghold there went forth a virulent wave of persecution, extending even to Rome, from which many thousands were banished. But such a campaign of misrepresentation was short-lived; very soon the imperial government fully restored the curtailed liberties of the Jews throughout the empire. |
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121:6.8 |
¹«¿ªÀ̳ª ȤÀº ¹ÚÇØ·Î ÀÎÇØ Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ Èð¾îÁø À¯´ëÀεéÀº ÀÚ±âµéÀÌ ¾îµð¿¡ ÀÖµçÁö Çϳª°°ÀÌ ¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °Å·èÇÑ ¼ºÀüÀ» °¡½¿ Á߽ɺο¡ °£Á÷Çϰí ÀÖÀ½À¸·Î½á Çϳª°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀº, ¹Ùºô·Î´Ï¾Æ ¼±»ýµéÀÌ ¶§¶§·Î °³ÀÔÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ÀØÈú »·Çß¾úÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ¿¹·ç»ì·½¿¡¼ ÇØ¼®µÇ¾îÁö°í ½ÇõµÇ¾î ¿Ô´ø ±×´ë·Î À¯ÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
Throughout the whole wide world, no matter where the Jews found themselves dispersed by commerce or oppression, all with one accord kept their hearts centered on the holy temple at Jerusalem. Jewish theology did survive as it was interpreted and practiced at Jerusalem, notwithstanding that it was several times saved from oblivion by the timely intervention of certain Babylonian teachers. |
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121:6.9 |
Èð¾îÁ® »ì°í ÀÖ´ø ÀÌ¹é ¿À½Ê ¸¸ ¸íÀ̳ª µÇ´Â ¸¹Àº À¯´ëÀεéÀº ¹ÎÁ·ÀûÀÎ Á¾±³ ÃàÁ¦µéÀ» ÃàÇÏÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¿¹·ç»ì·½À¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿À°ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù. µ¿¹æ(¹Ùºô·Î´Ï¾Æ)ÀÇ À¯´ëÀεé°ú ¼¹æ(±×¸®½º)ÀÇ À¯´ëÀεéÀÌ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í öÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ °ßÇØ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾úÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â ¿¹·ç»ì·½ÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ °æ¹èÀÇ Áß½ÉÀ̶ó´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ°¡ ¿À¸®¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ´Ã ±â´ëÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡ ÀǰßÀÌ °°¾Ò´Ù. |
As many as two and one-half million of these dispersed Jews used to come to Jerusalem for the celebration of their national religious festivals. And no matter what the theologic or philosophic differences of the Eastern (Babylonian) and the Western (Hellenic) Jews, they were all agreed on Jerusalem as the center of their worship and in ever looking forward to the coming of the Messiah. |
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121:7.1 |
¿¹¼ö°¡ ¿ÔÀ» ¹«·Æ¿¡, À¯´ëÀεéÀº ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ ±â¿ø°ú ¿ª»ç ±×¸®°í ¿î¸í¿¡ ´ëÇØ È®°íÇÑ °³³äÀ» °®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº Àڽŵé°ú À̹漼°è »çÀÌ¿¡ °ß°íÇÑ º®À» ½×¾Æ ³õ°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç; À̹æÀεéÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀº ¹«¾ùÀÌ´øÁö ½ÉÇÏ°Ô °æ¸êÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±ÛÀÚ ±×´ë·Î À²¹ýÀ» °æ¹èÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÀڽŵéÀÇ Ç÷Åë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸©µÈ Àںνɿ¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© ½º½º·Î ÀÇ·Ó´Ù´Â »ý°¢¿¡ ºüÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¾à¼ÓµÈ ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÀÌ¹Ì ¿©·¯ ¼±ÀÔ°ßµéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³õ°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç; ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â´ëµé ´ëºÎºÐÀº ±×µéÀÇ ³ª¶ó¿Í ¹ÎÁ· ¿ª»çÀÇ ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î ¿À´Â ¸Þ½Ã¾Æ¸¦ »ó»óÇÏ¿´´Ù. ´ç½Ã È÷ºê¸®Àε鿡°Ô ÀÖ¾î À¯´ë ½ÅÇÐÀº µ¹ÀÌų ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï Á¤ÂøµÇ¾îÁö°í ¾ðÁ¦±îÁö³ª °íÁ¤µÈ »óÅ¿´´Ù. |
By the times of Jesus the Jews had arrived at a settled concept of their origin, history, and destiny. They had built up a rigid wall of separation between themselves and the gentile world; they looked upon all gentile ways with utter contempt. They worshiped the letter of the law and indulged a form of self-righteousness based upon the false pride of descent. They had formed preconceived notions regarding the promised Messiah, and most of these expectations envisaged a Messiah who would come as a part of their national and racial history. To the Hebrews of those days Jewish theology was irrevocably settled, forever fixed. |
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121:7.2 |
°ü¿ë°ú Ä£Àý¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ½ÇõÀº, À¯´ëÀεéÀÌ À̹æÀÎÀ̶ó°í °£ÁÖÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÎÁ·µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±×µéÀÌ ¿À·§µ¿¾È ǰ¾î¿Â ŵµ¿Í´Â »ó¹ÝµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿©·¯ ¼¼´ë¿¡ °ÉÃļ À¯´ëÀεéÀÌ Å°¿ö¿Â ¿ÜºÎ ¼¼°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ´Â, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿µÀû ÇüÁ¦¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖ(ñ«)ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº À̹æÀεé°ú ÇÔ²² ¾ßÈѸ¦ ¶È°°ÀÌ °øÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ½È¾îÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, µû¶ó¼ ÀÌ·¸°Ô »õ·Ó°í »ý¼ÒÇÑ ±³¸®¸¦ °¡¸£Ä¡´Â ÀÚ¸¦ ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̱⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
The teachings and practices of Jesus regarding tolerance and kindness ran counter to the long-standing attitude of the Jews toward other peoples whom they considered heathen. For generations the Jews had nourished an attitude toward the outside world which made it impossible for them to accept the Master's teachings about the spiritual brotherhood of man. They were unwilling to share Yahweh on equal terms with the gentiles and were likewise unwilling to accept as the Son of God one who taught such new and strange doctrines. |
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121:7.3 |
¼±â°üµé°ú ¹Ù¸®»õÀÎµé ±×¸®°í ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÌ À¯´ëÀε鿡°Ô Çü½ÄÁÖÀÇ¿Í À²¹ýÁÖÀǶó´Â ¹«¼¿î ±¼·¹·Î ¾º¿ö ³õ¾Ò´Âµ¥, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¼·¹´Â Çö½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î ·Î¸¶ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ±ÔÁ¦º¸´Ùµµ ´õ ¾öÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ëÀÇ À¯´ëÀεéÀº À²¹ý¿¡ º¹Á¾ ´çÇϰí ÀÖ¾úÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀüÅëµéÀÇ ¿ä±¸¿¡ ³ë¿¹Ã³·³ ¼Ó¹ÚµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×°ÍµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÌ°í »çȸÀûÀÎ »ýȰÀÇ ¸ðµç ±Ç¿ªÀ» ÀÏÀÏÀÌ °£¼·Çϰí ħ¹üÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼¼¼¼ÇÑ ÇàÀ§¼º ±ÔÄ¢µéÀº ¸ðµç Ãæ½ÇÇÑ À¯´ëÀεéÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÌ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ÀüÅëÀ» ¹«½ÃÇϰųª ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¹Þµé¾î ¿Â »çȸ ÇàÀ§¼ºÀÇ ±ÔÀ²À» °¨È÷ °æ¸êÇÏ´Â ±×µéÀÇ µ¿·áµé Áß Çϳª¸¦ Áï½Ã Á¦°ÅÇß´ø °ÍÀº ´ç¿¬ÇÑ ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº Á¶»ó ¾Æºê¶óÇÔÀÌ Á÷Á¢ Á¦Á¤Çß´Ù°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´ø ±³¸®µé°ú Ãæµ¹Çϱ⸦ ÁÖÀúÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¼±ÀÇ·Î º¸¾ÆÁÙ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¸ð¼¼°¡ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾ú´ø À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ±×µéÀº ¼Õ»ó½ÃŰ·Á°í ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. |
The scribes, the Pharisees, and the priesthood held the Jews in a terrible bondage of ritualism and legalism, a bondage far more real than that of the Roman political rule. The Jews of Jesus' time were not only held in subjugation to the law but were equally bound by the slavish demands of the traditions, which involved and invaded every domain of personal and social life. These minute regulations of conduct pursued and dominated every loyal Jew, and it is not strange that they promptly rejected one of their number who presumed to ignore their sacred traditions, and who dared to flout their long-honored regulations of social conduct. They could hardly regard with favor the teachings of one who did not hestitate to clash with dogmas which they regarded as having been ordained by Father Abraham himself. Moses had given them their law and they would not compromise. |
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121:7.4 |
±×¸®½ºµµ ÀÌÈÄ 1¼¼±â±îÁö, ¸í¸Á ÀÖ´Â ¼±»ýµéÀ̳ª À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸»·Î ÇØ¼®ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÌ ¹®ÀÚÈµÈ À²¹ý ±× ÀÚüº¸´Ù ´õ¿í ³ôÀº ±ÇÇÑÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯µé·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¸î¸î Á¾±³ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº À¯´ëÀεéÀÌ »õ·Î¿î º¹À½À» ¹èôÇϵµ·Ï ¹¾îµÑ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
By the time of the first century after Christ the spoken interpretation of the law by the recognized teachers, the scribes, had become a higher authority than the written law itself. And all this made it easier for certain religious leaders of the Jews to array the people against the acceptance of a new gospel. |
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121:7.5 |
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óȲµéÀÌ À¯´ëÀεé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯¿Í ¿µÀû ÇØ¹æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î º¹À½ÀÇ Àü¾ðÀÚµé·Î¼ÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¿î¸íÀ» ¿Ï¼öÇÒ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀüÅëÀÇ Á·¼â¸¦ ºÎ¼ú ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿¹·¹¹Ì¾ß´Â ¡°»ç¶÷ÀÇ °¡½¿¿¡ ±â·ÏµÇ¾îÁø À²¹ý¡±À» À̾߱âÇÏ¿´°í, ¿¡½º°ÖÀº ¡°»ç¶÷ÀÇ È¥ ¼Ó¿¡ °ÅÇÒ »õ·Î¿î ¿µ¡±À» ¸»ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ½ÃÆí ±âÀÚ´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡°Ô ¡°±ú²ýÇÑ °¡½¿À» âÁ¶ÇÏ½Ã°í ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ¿µÀ» »õ·Ó°Ô ÇØ ´Þ¶ó¡±°í ±âµµÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼±ÇàÀ» °Á¶Çϰí À²¹ýÀÇ ³ë¿¹°¡ µÈ À¯´ë Á¾±³°¡ ÀüÅëÀû Ÿ¼ºÀÇ Ä§Ã¼¿¡ Èñ»ýÀÚ·Î Àü¶ôÇÏ¿´À» ¶§, Á¾±³Àû Áøº¸ÀÇ ¹°°áÀº ¼ÂÊÀÇ À¯·´Àε鿡°Ô·Î ¿Å°Ü°¬´Ù. |
These circumstances rendered it impossible for the Jews to fulfill their divine destiny as messengers of the new gospel of religious freedom and spiritual liberty. They could not break the fetters of tradition. Jeremiah had told of the "law to be written in men's hearts," Ezekiel had spoken of a "new spirit to live in man's soul," and the Psalmist had prayed that God would "create a clean heart within and renew a right spirit." But when the Jewish religion of good works and slavery to law fell victim to the stagnation of traditionalistic inertia, the motion of religious evolution passed westward to the European peoples. |
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121:7.6 |
±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ÇϳªÀÇ Áøº¸µÈ ½ÅÇÐ, ±×¸®½ºÀεéÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ, ·Î¸¶ÀεéÀÇ ¹ý, È÷ºê¸®ÀεéÀÇ µµ´ö¼º, ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ°í ¹Ù¿ï¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¶Á÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø °³ÀμºÀÇ Á¸¾ö¼º°ú ¿µÀû ÇØ¹æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹À½ µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ±³À° ü°è¸¦ ¼¼°è·Î ÀüÆÄÇÏ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ ºÒ¸²À» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
And so a different people were called upon to carry an advancing theology to the world, a system of teaching embodying the philosophy of the Greeks, the law of the Romans, the morality of the Hebrews, and the gospel of personality sanctity and spiritual liberty formulated by Paul and based on the teachings of Jesus. |
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121:7.7 |
¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ Á¾ÆÄ´Â ±×°ÍÀÇ µµ´ö¼ºÀÌ À¯´ë·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿Ô´Ù´Â ÈçÀûÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. À¯´ëÀεéÀº ¿ª»ç¸¦ ÇÏ´À´Ô¦¡ÀÏÇÏ´Â ¾ßÈѦ¡ÀÇ ¼·¸®·Î ¿©°å´Ù. ±×¸®½ºÀεéÀº ¿µ¿øÇÑ »ý¸í¿¡ ´ëÇØ º¸´Ù È®½ÇÇÑ °³³äµéÀ» ±× »õ·Î¿î °¡¸£Ä§ ¼Ó¿¡ ÀüÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ±³¸®µéÀº ½ÅÇаú öÇÐÀû ¸é¿¡¼ ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇöóÅæ°ú ÇʷηκÎÅÍ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. À±¸®Àû ¸é¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼, ±×´Â ¿¹¼ö»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡°Ô¼µµ ¿µ°¨À» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. |
Paul's cult of Christianity exhibited its morality as a Jewish birthmark. The Jews viewed history as the providence of God -- Yahweh at work. The Greeks brought to the new teaching clearer concepts of the eternal life. Paul's doctrines were influenced in theology and philosophy not only by Jesus' teachings but also by Plato and Philo. In ethics he was inspired not only by Christ but also by the Stoics. |
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121:7.8 |
¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ¾Èµð¿Á ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ Á¾ÆÄ¿¡¼ ±¸Ã¼ÈµÇ¾úµíÀÌ, ¿¹¼öÀÇ º¹À½Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °¡¸£Ä§µé°ú À¶ÇյǾú´Ù: |
The gospel of Jesus, as it was embodied in Paul's cult of Antioch Christianity, became blended with the following teachings: |
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121:7.9 |
¿¹¼ö ½Ã´ë¿¡, ÁöÁßÇØÀÇ ·Î¸¶Á¦±¹°ú ÆÄ¸£Æ¼¾Æ ¿Õ±¹ ±×¸®°í ÀÎÁ¢µÈ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·µéÀº ¸ðµÎ, ¼¼°è Áö¸®¿Í õü ¿¬±¸ ±×¸®°í ½Åü »óÅÂ¿Í Áúº´ µî¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾ÆÁÖ ¹Ì¼÷ÇÏ°í ¿ø½ÃÀûÀÎ °ü³ä¿¡ »ç·ÎÀâÇô ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç; ³ª»ç·¿ÀÇ ¸ñ¼öÀÎ ¿¹¼öÀÇ »õ·Ó°í ³î¶ó¿î ¼±¾ðÀ» µè°í ±×µéÀÌ ³î¶õ °ÍÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ´ç¿¬ÇÑ ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù. ¼±ÇÑ ¿µ°ú ³ª»Û ¿µÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ü³äÀº, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô¸¸ Àû¿ëµÈ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸ðµç ¹ÙÀ§¿Í ³ª¹«µµ ¿µÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã´ë´Â ¸¶¹ýÀÌ ¼ºÇàÇÏ´ø ¶§¿´À¸¸ç, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ±âÀûÀÌ º¸Åë ÈçÇÏ°Ô ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. |
The Mediterranean Roman Empire, the Parthian kingdom, and the adjacent peoples of Jesus' time all held crude and primitive ideas regarding the geography of the world, astronomy, health, and disease; and naturally they were amazed by the new and startling pronouncements of the carpenter of Nazareth. The ideas of spirit possession, good and bad, applied not merely to human beings, but every rock and tree was viewed by many as being spirit possessed. This was an enchanted age, and everybody believed in miracles as commonplace occurrences. |
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121:8.1 |
¿ì¸®´Â À¯¶õ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ÀÇ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÀÏ»ýÀ» ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ±â·ÏµéÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÓ¹«¿Í ¸ð¼øµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ, ÃÖ´ëÇѵµ·Î Ȱ¿ëÇÏ°í ¾î´À Á¤µµ±îÁö´Â ÇÕµ¿½ÃÄÑ º¸·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ºÐ½ÇµÈ »çµµ ¾Èµå·¹ÀÇ ±â·ÏÀ» ÀÐ¾î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â»Ýµµ ´©·È°í, ¹Ì°¡¿¤ÀÌ Áõ¿©µÇ¾ú´ø ±â°£ µ¿¾È Áö»ó¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿ìÁÖÀû Á¸ÀçµéÀÇ (ƯÈ÷ ±×ÀÇ °³Àμº±¸ÇöµÈ Á¶ÀýÀÚÀÇ) ÇùÁ¶¸¦ ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö Àִ Ư±ÇÀ» °®°í ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ¸¶Åº¹À½, ¸¶°¡º¹À½, ´©°¡º¹À½, ¿äÇѺ¹À½À» Àß È°¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
As far as possible, consistent with our mandate, we have endeavored to utilize and to some extent co-ordinate the existing records having to do with the life of Jesus on Urantia. Although we have enjoyed access to the lost record of the Apostle Andrew and have benefited from the collaboration of a vast host of celestial beings who were on earth during the times of Michael's bestowal (notably his now Personalized Adjuster), it has been our purpose also to make use of the so-called Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. |
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121:8.2 |
ÀÌ ½Å¾à¼º°æÀÇ ±â·ÏµéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¹è°æ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ÀÛ¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù: |
These New Testament records had their origin in the following circumstances: |
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121:8.3 |
1. ¸¶°¡º¹À½. ¿äÇÑ ¸¶°¡´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÀÏ»ý¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© °¡Àå ÃÖÃÊ·Î (¾Èµå·¹ÀÇ ´ÜÆíÀûÀÎ ±â·ÏÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â) °¡Àå ª°í °¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÏ°Ô ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ÁÖ(ñ«)¸¦ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¼¶±â´Â ÀÚ, »ç¶÷µé°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¼Ò°³ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸¶°¡´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼¼úÇÑ Àå¸éµé Áß¿¡¼ ¸¹Àº °æ¿ì¿¡ ÇÑ ¼Ò³âÀ¸·Î¼ ±× ÇöÀå ÁÖº¯¿¡ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×ÀÇ ±â·ÏÀº ½Ã¸ó º£µå·Î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾îÁø º¹À½¼ÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â óÀ½¿¡´Â º£µå·Î¿Í; ±×¸®°í ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ¹Ù¿ï°ú ÇÔ²² Ȱµ¿ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸¶°¡´Â º£µå·ÎÀÇ ºÎŹ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×¸®°í ·Î¸¶¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ °£°îÇÑ Ã»¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À̰ÍÀ» ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸¶°¡´Â ÁÖ(ñ«)°¡ ¶¥¿¡¼ »ç½Å µ¿¾È ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» ±Û·Î ³²±â´Â °ÍÀ» ¾ó¸¶³ª ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ÂÁö¸¦ ¾Ë¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡, »çµµµé°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¼öÁ¦ÀÚ(âÏð©í)µé°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ±â·ÏÀ¸·Î ³²±â±â¸¦ ÁÖÀúÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª º£µå·Î´Â ·Î¸¶¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±³È¸¿¡°Ô ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â·ÏµÈ À̾߱Ⱑ ÇÊ¿äÇÔÀ» ´À²¼À¸¸ç, ¸¶°¡´Â ±× ÀÏÀÇ Áغñ¸¦ ´ã´çÇϱâ·Î µ¿ÀÇÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â º£µå·Î°¡ ±â¿ø ÈÄ 67³â¿¡ Á×±â Àü±îÁö °£´ÜÇÑ ±â·ÏµéÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸¸ç, º£µå·Î°¡ ½ÂÀÎÇÑ ÀüüÀûÀÎ À±°û¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ±×¸®°í ·Î¸¶¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±³È¸¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿©, º£µå·Î°¡ Á×Àº Á÷ÈĺÎÅÍ ÀÌ ±â·ÏÀ» ¾²±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ º¹À½¼´Â ±â¿ø ÈÄ 68³â ¸»°æ¿¡ ¿Ï¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸¶°¡´Â ¼øÀüÈ÷ ÀڽŰú º£µå·ÎÀÇ ±â¾ï¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ¿© ±ÛÀ» ½è´Ù. ±× ±â·ÏÀº ±× ÈÄ¿¡ »ó´çÈ÷ ¸¹ÀÌ º¯°æµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¼ö¸¹Àº ±¸ÀýµéÀÌ »èÁ¦µÇ°í ÈÄ´ëÀÇ ¹®¼µé ÀϺΰ¡ ³¡ ºÎºÐ¿¡ »ðÀÔµÇ¾î º¹À½¼ ¿øÇüÀÇ 5ºÐÀÇ 1¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ÈĹݺΠºÎºÐÀ» ´ëÄ¡ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¿øº»¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ±× ºÎºÐÀº »çº»ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁö±â Àü¿¡ À¯½ÇµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾Èµå·¹ÀÇ Ãʰí¿Í ¸¶ÅÂÀÇ Ãʰí¿Í ÇÔ²², ¸¶°¡ÀÇ ÀÌ ±â·ÏÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÀÏ»ý°ú °¡¸£Ä§À» ±×·Á³»·Á°í ÇÏ¿´´ø, ÈÄ¿¡ ±â·ÏµÈ ¸ðµç º¹À½¼µé¿¡°Ô ¼º¹®ÈµÈ ±âÃÊ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. |
1. The Gospel by Mark. John Mark wrote the earliest (excepting the notes of Andrew), briefest, and most simple record of Jesus' life. He presented the Master as a minister, as man among men. Although Mark was a lad lingering about many of the scenes which he depicts, his record is in reality the Gospel according to Simon Peter. He was early associated with Peter; later with Paul. Mark wrote this record at the instigation of Peter and on the earnest petition of the church at Rome. Knowing how consistently the Master refused to write out his teachings when on earth and in the flesh, Mark, like the apostles and other leading disciples, was hesitant to put them in writing. But Peter felt the church at Rome required the assistance of such a written narrative, and Mark consented to undertake its preparation. He made many notes before Peter died in A.D. 67, and in accordance with the outline approved by Peter and for the church at Rome, he began his writing soon after Peter's death. The Gospel was completed near the end of A.D. 68. Mark wrote entirely from his own memory and Peter's memory. The record has since been considerably changed, numerous passages having been taken out and some later matter added at the end to replace the latter one fifth of the original Gospel, which was lost from the first manuscript before it was ever copied. This record by Mark, in conjunction with Andrew's and Matthew's notes, was the written basis of all subsequent Gospel narratives which sought to portray the life and teachings of Jesus. |
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121:8.4 |
2. ¸¶Åº¹À½. ¼ÒÀ§ ¸¶Å¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ º¹À½¼¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ÀÌ º¹À½¼´Â À¯´ëÀÎ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÎ µéÀ» ±³È½Ã۱â À§ÇÏ¿© ¾º¾îÁø, ÁÖ(ñ«)ÀÇ ÀÏ»ý¿¡ °üÇÑ ±â·ÏÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ±â·ÏÀÇ ÀúÀÚ´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÀÏ»ý ¼Ó¿¡¼ ±×°¡ ÇàÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç°ÇÀÌ ¡°¿¹¾ðÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¼±Æ÷µÈ ¸»¾¸ÀÌ ¼ºÃëµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡±¶ó´Â ¸»°ú ÀÏÄ¡Çϰí ÀÖÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁÖ·Á´Â ÀϰüµÈ ³ë·ÂÀ» °ßÁöÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸¶Åº¹À½¿¡¼´Â ¿¹¼ö¸¦ ´ÙÀÀÇ ÀÚ¼ÕÀ¸·Î ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°¡ À²¹ý°ú ¼±ÁöÀÚµéÀ» Å©°Ô ½Å·ÚÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ ¼¼úÇÑ´Ù. |
2. The Gospel of Matthew. The so-called Gospel according to Matthew is the record of the Master's life which was written for the edification of Jewish Christians. The author of this record constantly seeks to show in Jesus' life that much which he did was that "it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet." Matthew's Gospel portrays Jesus as a son of David, picturing him as showing great respect for the law and the prophets. |
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121:8.5 |
»çµµ ¸¶Å´ ÀÌ º¹À½¼¸¦ ¾²Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¸¶ÅÂÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµé Áß ÇϳªÀÎ À̻絵¸£°¡ À̰ÍÀ» ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ±×´Â ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀÌ »ç°Çµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¶ÅÂÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû ±â¾ï»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿¹¼ö°¡ ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡¼ Á×À¸½Å Á÷ÈÄ¿¡ À̻絵¸£ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀ» ¸ð¾Æ³õÀº °ÍµéÀÇ µµ¿òµµ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¸¶Å°¡ ±â·ÏÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ¶÷¾î·Î µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç; À̻絵¸£´Â ±×¸®½º¾î·Î ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ±ÛÀ» ¸¶ÅÂÀÇ ÀÛǰÀ̶ó°í °ø¾ðÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¼ÓÀÌ·Á´Â Àǵµ´Â ÀüÇô ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Á¦ÀÚµéÀÌ Àڱ⠽º½Â¿¡°Ô °æÀǸ¦ Ç¥ÇÏ´Â, ´ç½ÃÀÇ °ü½ÀÀ̾ú´Ù. |
The Apostle Matthew did not write this Gospel. It was written by Isador, one of his disciples, who had as a help in his work not only Matthew's personal remembrance of these events but also a certain record which the latter had made of the sayings of Jesus directly after the crucifixion. This record by Matthew was written in Aramaic; Isador wrote in Greek. There was no intent to deceive in accrediting the production to Matthew. It was the custom in those days for pupils thus to honor their teachers. |
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121:8.6 |
¸¶ÅÂÀÇ ±â¿øÀû ±â·ÏÀº ±â¿ø ÈÄ 40³â, ±×°¡ ¿¹·ç»ì·½À» ¶°³ª º¹À½ÀüµµÀÇ ÀüÆÄ¿¡ µé¾î°¡±â Á÷Àü±îÁö ÆíÁýµÇ°í ÷°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× ±â·ÏÀº »çÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ¸¶Áö¸· »çº»ÀÌ ±â¿ø ÈÄ 416³â ½Ã¸®¾ÆÀÇ ¼öµµ¿ø ÈÀç ¶§ ¼Ò½ÇµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
Matthew's original record was edited and added to in A.D. 40 just before he left Jerusalem to engage in evangelistic preaching. It was a private record, the last copy having been destroyed in the burning of a Syrian monastery in A.D. 416. |
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121:8.7 |
±â¿øÈÄ 70³â ƼÅõ½º À屺ÀÇ ¹«¸®°¡ ¿¹·ç»ì·½À» Æ÷À§ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§, À̻絵¸£´Â ¸¶ÅÂÀÇ ´ÜÆíÀûÀÎ ±â·ÏµéÀ» °¡Áö°í µµ½Ã¸¦ ºüÁ® ³ª¿Í Æç¶ó·Î µµÇÇÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±â¿ø ÈÄ 71³â, Æç¶ó¿¡ °ÅÇÏ¸é¼ À̻絵¸£´Â ¸¶ÅÂÀÇ ´ÜÆíÀû ±â·Ïµé¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÏ¿© º¹À½¼¸¦ ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¸¶°¡ÀÇ ±â·Ï Áß 5ºÐÀÇ 4¿¡ ÇØ´çÇϴ ù ºÎºÐÀ» °®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
Isador escaped from Jerusalem in A.D. 70 after the investment of the city by the armies of Titus, taking with him to Pella a copy of Matthew's notes. In the year 71, while living at Pella, Isador wrote the Gospel according to Matthew. He also had with him the first four fifths of Mark's narrative. |
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121:8.8 |
3. ´©°¡º¹À½. Çǽõð¾ÆÀÇ ¾Èµð¿Á¿¡¼ Àǻ翴´ø ´©°¡´Â ¹Ù¿ï¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ °³Á¾µÈ À̹æÀÎÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, ±×´Â ÁÖ(ñ«)ÀÇ ÀÏ»ý¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¸¥ À̾߱⸦ ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ±â¿ø ÈÄ 47³â ¹Ù¿ïÀ» ÃßÁ¾Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¸é¼ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÀÏ»ý°ú °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¹è¿ü´Ù. ´©°¡´Â ¹Ù¿ïÀº ¹°·Ð ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌ »ç½ÇµéÀ» ¼öÁýÇÏ¿© ¡°¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ ÁÖ´ÔÀÇ ÀºÇý¡±¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸¹ÀÌ ±â·ÏÇÏ¿© º¸°üÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ÁÖ(ñ«)¸¦ ¡°¼¼¸®µé°ú ÁËÀεéÀÇ Ä£±¸¡±·Î ¹¦»çÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ¹Ù¿ïÀÌ Á×±â Àü¿¡´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸¹Àº ´ÜÆíÀû ±â·ÏµéÀ» º¹À½¼·Î Á¶Á÷ȽÃŰÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ´©°¡´Â ¾ÆÄ«À̾ƿ¡¼ 82³â¿¡ ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ´Ù·ç´Â ¼¼ ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥À» ¾µ °èȹÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª ±×ÀÇ µÎ ¹øÂ° Ã¥ÀÎ, ¡°»çµµÇàÀü¡±À» ¿Ï¼ºÇϱâ Á÷ÀüÀÎ ±â¿ø ÈÄ 90³â¿¡ Á×¾ú´Ù. |
3. The Gospel by Luke. Luke, the physician of Antioch in Pisidia, was a gentile convert of Paul, and he wrote quite a different story of the Master's life. He began to follow Paul and learn of the life and teachings of Jesus in A.D. 47. Luke preserves much of the "grace of the Lord Jesus Christ" in his record as he gathered up these facts from Paul and others. Luke presents the Master as "the friend of publicans and sinners." He did not formulate his many notes into the Gospel until after Paul's death. Luke wrote in the year 82 in Achaia. He planned three books dealing with the history of Christ and Christianity but died in A.D. 90 just before he finished the second of these works, the "Acts of the Apostles." |
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121:8.9 |
º¹À½¼ÀÇ ÆíÁýÀ» À§ÇÑ Àç·á·Î¼, ´©°¡´Â óÀ½¿¡´Â ¹Ù¿ïÀÌ ÀÚ±â üÇè°ú °ü·Ã½ÃÄÑ ¸»ÇÏ¿´ |